Inertial manifolds for a Smoluchowski equation on the unit sphere

DOI10.1007/S00220-008-0460-2MaRDI QIDQ731270zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 2 October 2009

Published in Communications in Mathematical Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-008-0460-2

Asymptotic behavior of solutions to PDEs (35B40) Inertial manifolds (35B42) Nonlinear parabolic equations (35K55) Inertial manifolds and other invariant attracting sets of infinite-dimensional dissipative dynamical systems (37L25) Dynamical systems in other branches of physics (quantum mechanics, general relativity, laser physics) (37N20) Statistical mechanics of random media, disordered materials (including liquid crystals and spin glasses) (82D30)

Review text

The aim of the author is to construct inertial manifolds for the following equation of Smoluchowski type: \[ \partial_t\psi=\Delta_m\psi+\nabla_m\cdot(\psi\nabla_mV).\tag{1} \] Here \(m=S^2\), i.e., \(m=(m_1,m_2,m_3)\) where \(m_1=\sin\theta\cos\varphi\), \(m_2=\sin\theta\sin\varphi\), \(m_3=\cos\theta\). Moreover, \(\Delta_m\) is the Laplace-Beltrami operator on \(S^2\) while \(\nabla_m\) is the gradient on \(S^2\). Moreover, \(V=V(m,t)\) is a mean field interaction potential expressed in terms of \(\psi(m,t)\) as follows: \[ V(m,t)\equiv-b(m\cdot m-I/3):S[\psi(t)]\text{ with }S[\psi(t)]=\int_{S^2}(m\cdot m-I/3)\psi(m,t)\,dm\tag{2} \] where \(I=(\delta_{jk})\) and \(m\cdot m=(m_jm_k)\). Under these stipulations, (1) becomes a nonlinear, nonlocal equation for \(\psi(m,t)\) which is assumed to satisfy \[ \int_{S^2}\psi(m,t)\,dm\equiv 1\text{ and }0\leq\psi(m,t).\tag{3} \] It is known that if \(\psi_0\in C^0(S^2)\) satisfies \(\psi_0>0\) and \(\int_{S^2}\psi_0\,dm=1\) then there exists a unique smooth solution \(\psi(m,t)\) of (1) which satisfies (3) and \(\psi(m,0)=\psi_0(m)\). It is noted that (1) preserves certain symmetries. This allows the author to restrict attention to solutions invariant with respect to reflections at the coordinate planes. Based on a digression on spherical harmonics, the author proves Thm. 2, which displays an estimate guaranteeing the existence of an absorbing set for (1). The author then rephrases (1)+(2) as an abstract evolution equation on a Hilbert space \(H\) with scalar product (\,,\,) and norm \(\|\;\|\): \[ \partial_tu+Au=N(u)\tag{4} \] with \(A\) positive, selfadjoint and having compact inverse, while \(N:H\to H\) is a locally Lipschitz function. An inertial manifold \(\mathcal M\) for (4) is a finite dimensional Lipschitz manifold such that \({\mathcal S}(t){\mathcal M}\subset {\mathcal M}\), \(t\geq 0\) where \({\mathcal S}(t)\), \(t\geq 0\) is the nonlinear evolution semigroup associated with (4). The author then recalls a result (Thm. 3) from the literature which gives sufficient conditions for \(A\) and \(N(\;)\) so that (4) admits an inertial manifold. Thus \(N(\;)\) is required to have compact support, to be bounded and globally Lipschitz. In addition, a spectral gap condition is assumed to hold. Now an inspection shows that (1)+(2) and hence (4) violate the above assumptions. In order to remedy the situation the author performs the substitution \[ u=\psi\exp(V/2)\tag{5} \] with the aim to eliminate the gradient from (1). After a series of transformations followed by a smoothening process the author obtains a regularized equation for \(u\) in (5), i.e.: \[ \partial_pu+Au=N_p(u).\tag{6} \] In the proof of the last result, i.e. Thm. 4, it is shown that (6) satisfies all the requirements listed above (Thm. 3) and hence admits an inertial manifold \({\mathcal M}_p\) and an inertial manifold \(\mathcal M\) for (4) and hence for (1)+(2) can be obtained.

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