An internal characterisation of radiality

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Abstract: In this paper, we will investigate how radiality occurs in topological spaces by considering neighbourhood bases generated by nests. We will define a new subclass of radial spaces, called the independently-based spaces, that contains LOTS, GO-spaces and spaces with well-ordered neighbourhood bases. We show that first-countable spaces are precisely the independently-based, strongly Fr'echet spaces and we give an example of a Fr'echet-Urysohn space that is neither independently-based nor strongly Fr'echet.


Radial spaces, first introduced by Horst Herrlich in 1967, are characterised as the pseudo-open images of linearly ordered topological spaces (LOTS). In the present paper, the author provides an internal characterisation of radial spaces in terms of a type of neighbourhood base generated by subspaces that have well-ordered neighbourhood bases at the point in question. For that he introduces a new (hereditary) subclass of radial spaces, called \textit{independently-based spaces}, that have neighbourhoods generated by nests in an appropriate way. This class contains all LOTS, all generalised ordered spaces and all spaces with well-ordered neighbourhood bases (e.g., first-countable spaces).











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