The Zagier modification of Bernoulli numbers and a polynomial extension. I

DOI10.1007/S11139-013-9484-0zbMATH Open1372.11024arXiv1209.4110OpenAlexW2592784043MaRDI QIDQ744841FDOQ744841

Authors: Atul Dixit, Victor H. Moll, Christophe Vignat 

Publication date: 26 September 2014

Published in: The Ramanujan Journal (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: The modified B_{n}^{*} = sum_{r=0}^{n} �inom{n+r}{2r} frac{B_{r}}{n+r}, quad n > 0 introduced by D. Zagier in 1998 are extended to the polynomial case by replacing $B_r$ by the Bernoulli polynomials $B_r(x)$. Properties of these new polynomials are established using the umbral method as well as classical techniques. The values of $x$ that yield periodic subsequences $B_{2n+1}^{\ast }(x)$ are classified. The strange 6-periodicity of $B_{2n+1}^{\ast }$, established by Zagier, is explained by exhibiting a decomposition of this sequence as the sum of two parts with periods 2 and 3, respectively. Similar results for modifications of Euler numbers are stated.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1209.4110

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zbMATH Keywords

Chebyshev polynomialsgenerating functionsBernoulli polynomialsumbral calculusEuler polynomialsWZ-methodperiodic sequences

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Exact enumeration problems, generating functions (05A15) Umbral calculus (05A40) Bernoulli and Euler numbers and polynomials (11B68) Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45)

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Cited In (8)

• Loop decompositions of random walks and nontrivial identities of Bernoulli and Euler polynomials
• Orthogonal polynomials and connection to generalized Motzkin numbers for higher-order Euler polynomials
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• Modified Nörlund polynomials
• The finite Fourier transform of classical polynomials
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• The Zagier polynomials. II: Arithmetic properties of coefficients
• Analytic continuation for multiple zeta values using symbolic representations

Uses Software

• Digital Library of Mathematical Functions

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