q-series congruences involving statistical mechanics partition functions in regime III and IV of Baxter's solution of the hard-hexagon model
\(q\)-series congruences involving statistical mechanics partition functions in regime III and IV of Baxter's solution of the hard-hexagon model
In regimes III and IV of \textit{R. Baxter}'s solution of the hard-hexagon model of statistical mechanics [J. Phys. A, Math. Theor. 49, No. 41, Article ID 411003, 5 p. (2016; Zbl 1353.82018)], there are four Rogers-Ramanujan type identities: \begin{align*} \sum_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac{q^{n(3n-1)/2}}{(q;q)_n(q;q^2)_n} &=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac{(-q;q)_nq^{n(3n+1)/2}}{(q;q)_{2n+1}}\\ &=\dfrac{(q^4,q^6,q^{10};q^{10})_\infty}{(q;q)_\infty}:=\sum_{n=0}^\infty R_2(n)q^n,\\ \sum_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac{q^{3n(n+1)/2}}{(q;q)_n(q;q^2)_{n+1}}&=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac{(-q;q)_nq^{3n(n+1)/2}}{(q;q)_{2n+1}}\\ &=\dfrac{(q^2,q^8,q^{10};q^{10})_\infty}{(q;q)_\infty}:=\sum_{n=0}^\infty R_4(n)q^n,\\ \sum_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac{q^{n(n+1)}}{(q;q)_{2n}}&=\dfrac{(q,q^9,q^{10};q^{10})_\infty(q^8,q^{12};q^{20})_\infty} {(q;q)_\infty}:=\sum_{n=0}^\infty R_1^*(n)q^n,\\ \sum_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac{q^{n(n+1)}}{(q;q)_{2n+1}} &=\dfrac{(q^3,q^7,q^{10};q^{10})_\infty(q^4,q^{16};q^{20})_\infty} {(q;q)_\infty}:=\sum_{n=0}^\infty R_3^*(n)q^n, \end{align*} where \begin{align*} (a;q)_n=\prod_{j=0}^{n-1} &(1-aq^j),\quad n\in\mathbb{N}\cup\{\infty\},\\ (a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_m;q)_\infty &=(a_1;q)_\infty(a_2;q)_\infty\cdots(a_m;q)_\infty. \end{align*} Partition-theoretically, $R_S(n)$ (resp. $R_S^*(n)$) denotes the number of partitions of $n$ into parts not congruent to $0,\pm2s\pmod{10}$ (resp. $0,\pm s\pmod{10}$ and $10\pm2s\pmod{20}$). Utilizing the Jacobi triple product identity, the quintuple product identity and a truncated theta identity [J. Comb. Theory, Ser. A 154, 610--619 (2018; Zbl 1454.05015)], the author proves the following two $q$-series congruences: \begin{align*} \sum_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac{(-q;q)_nq^{n(3n+s-1)/2}}{(q;q)_{2n+1}}&\equiv\sum_{120n+(3s-5)^2~\text{square}}q^n\pmod{2},\quad s\in\{2,4\},\\ \sum_{n=0}^\infty \dfrac{q^{n(n+1)}}{(q;q)_{2n+(s-1)/2}} &\equiv\sum_{40n+s^2~\text{square}}q^n\pmod{2},\quad s\in\{1,3\}. \end{align*} As an immediate consequence, he obtains two parity results involving sums of the partition function $p(n)$ and squares in arithmetic progressions. Finally, the author presents two conjectures on positive alternating sums of partitions involving $R_S(n)$ and $R_S^*(n)$.
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