Some new identities and inequalities for Bernoulli polynomials and numbers of higher order related to the Stirling and Catalan numbers
Les nombres de Bernoulli généralisés d'ordre \(n \in \mathbb{Z} \) sont définis par \[F_{B}(t,n)= \left( \frac{t}{e^{t}-1} \right)^{n} = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty }B_{k}^{(n)} \frac{t^{k}}{k!}. \] Les nombres de Stirling de second type sont définis par \[F_{S}(t,k) = \frac{(e^{t}-1)^{k}}{k!}= \sum_{n=0}^{\infty }S_{2}(n,k)\frac{t^{n}}{n!}. \] On a \[x^{n} = \sum_{k=0}^{n}S_{2}(n,k)x_{(k)} \qquad x_{(k)}=x(x-1) \dots (x-k+1). \] Les nombres de Catalan sont définis par \[C_{n} = \dfrac{1}{n+1}\binom{2n}{n}.\] Les polynômes d'Euler Frobenius \(A_{n}(\alpha )\) sont définis par \[ \dfrac{1-\alpha }{1-\alpha e^{t(1-\alpha )}} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty } A_{n}(\alpha ) \dfrac{t^{n}}{n!} .\] \(A_{n}(\alpha ) \) est de degré \(n-1\) \[ A_{n}(\alpha )= \sum_{k=0}^{n-1}E(n,k)\alpha ^{k},\] où \(E(n,k)\) sont les nombres bien connus d'Euler définis par \[E(n,k) = \sum_{j=0}^{k}(-1)^{j}\binom{n+1}{j}(k+1-j)^{n}.\] De ces définitions formelles beaucoup de formules peuvent être déduites. Par la transformée de Laplace appliquée à la fonction génératrice des polynômes de Bernoulli d'ordre \(n\) les auteurs obtiennent la formule~: \[\sum_{k=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{k}B_{k}^{(n)}(u-y)\sum_{j=0}^{n}(-1)^{j}\binom{n}{j}\dfrac{1}{(y+j)^{k+1}}= \dfrac{n!}{u^{n+1}},\] avec \(u,y\neq 0,\ u\neq y,\ n \in \mathbb{N}, \ \bigl |\dfrac{u-y}{y+j} \bigr | < 1 \). On en déduit sous les mêmes conditions~: \[\sum_{k=0}^{\infty }\sum_{v=0}^{k}(-1)^{k}\binom{k}{v}B_{k-v}^{(n)}\sum_{j=0}^{n}(-1)^{j}\binom{n}{j}\dfrac{(u-y)^{v}}{(y+j)^{k+1}}= \dfrac{n!}{u^{n+1}}.\] Le théorème 2 donne une formule explicite pour \(B_{n}^{(-n)}\). Le théorèmes 3 donnent des formules liant \(B_{n}^{(-n)},\ E(2n,j)\). Le théorème 4 est une reformulation triviale du théorème 3. Le théorème 5 donne la formule~: \[S(2n,n) = \dfrac{(n+1)B_{n}^{(-n)}}{2\pi }\int_{0}^{4}x^{n-\frac{1}{2}}(4-x)^{\frac{1}{2}}dx.\] Le théorème 6 donne la formule~: \[S(2n,n) = \dfrac{(n+1)4^{n}B_{n}^{(-n)}}{\pi }\int_{0}^{\infty }\dfrac{(2x)^{2}}{(x^{2}+1)^{n+2}}dx.\] Enfin dans la section 4, utilisant les résultants précédant combinés avec l'inégalité (voir [\textit{O. Krafft} ``Problem P10819, Am. Math. Mon. 107, 652 (2000)]) \[\binom{mn}{n} \geq \frac{m^{m(n-1)+1}}{(m-1)^{(m-1)(n-1)}}n^{-\frac{1}{2}}\] les auteurs obtiennent les inégalités~: \[S(2n,n) \geq 2^{2n-1}n^{-\frac{1}{2}}B_{n}^{(-n)}\] \[B_{j}^{(-n)}\geq \frac{n^{j}}{\binom{j+n}{n}}\] \[B_{j}^{(-n)} \leq \frac{\binom{n+j-1}{n-1}}{\binom{j+n}{n}}n^{j}.\]
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