A note on the nilradical N of a ring R and a subdirect sum representation of the ring R/N

Structure and classification for modules, bimodules and ideals (except as in 16Gxx), direct sum decomposition and cancellation in associative algebras) (16D70) Nil and nilpotent radicals, sets, ideals, associative rings (16N40) Center, normalizer (invariant elements) (associative rings and algebras) (16U70)

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In 1961 \textit{I. N. Hernstein} [Mich. Math. J. 8, 29-32 (1961; Zbl 0096.257)] proved that for an associative ring R satisfying the condition \((1)\quad(x+y)^ m=x^ m+y^ m\) (m being a given positive integer) the set N of all nilpotent elements of R is for \(m>1\) an ideal of R, and R/N is commutative. Here we prove in a very elementary form the first part of this result (Lemma 1). Under the additional condition \((2)\quad x^ m=x^ n\quad(n=n(x)\) being a positive integer relatively prime to m) we prove, using only the division ring part of Jacobson's commutativity theorem, the following Theorem: Let R be an associative nonzero ring satisfying conditions (1) and (2). Then N is an ideal of R, and \(N=0\) if and only if R is locally unitary (i.e. if R is an s-ring). Moreover, if \(N\neq R\) then R/N is a subdirect sum of fields and satisfies the condition \((x+N)^ r=x+N\) (\(x\in R)\), where \(r=r(x)\) is a positive integer given by \(r(x)=n(x)-m+1\) for \(n(x)>m,\) and \(r(x)=m-n(x)+1\) otherwise. This theorem improves the main result of a note of \textit{E. Psomopulos} [to appear in Rad., Odjeljenje Prir. Mat. Nauka].

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