Action and index spectra and periodic orbits in Hamiltonian dynamics
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Abstract: The main theme of this paper is the connection between the existence of infinitely many periodic orbits for a Hamiltonian system and the behavior of its action or index spectrum under iterations. We use the action and index spectra to show that any Hamiltonian diffeomorphism of a closed, rational manifold with zero first Chern class has infinitely many periodic orbits and that, for a general rational manifold, the number of geometrically distinct periodic orbits is bounded from below by the ratio of the minimal Chern number and half of the dimension. These generalizations of the Conley conjecture follow from another result proved here asserting that a Hamiltonian diffeomorphism with a symplectically degenerate maximum on a closed rational manifold has infinitely many periodic orbits. We also show that for a broad class of manifolds and/or Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms the minimal action--index gap remains bounded for some infinite sequence of iterations and, as a consequence, whenever a Hamiltonian diffeomorphism has finitely many periodic orbits, the actions and mean indices of these orbits must satisfy a certain relation. Furthermore, for Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms of the n-dimensional complex projective space with exactly n+1 periodic orbits a stronger result holds. Namely, for such a Hamiltonian diffeomorphism, the difference of the action and the mean index on a periodic orbit is independent of the orbit, provided that the symplectic structure on the projective space is normalized to be in the same cohomology class as the first Chern class.
The theme of this paper is the interplay between two apects of the dynamics of Hamiltonian systems: the existence of periodic orbits of arbitrary large period, or just of infinitely many periodic orbits, and the behavior of the action or (mean) index spectrum under iterations. Therefore, two main questions are studied: 1) Under what conditions on the manifold and / or the action or index spectrum does a Hamiltonian diffeomorphism have infinitely many (or just many) periodic orbits? 2) What are the special features of the action or index spectrum of a Hamiltonian diffeomorphism with only finitely many periodic orbits? Let us remark that these two questions, although formally equivalent, represent two very different, virtually opposite perspectives focusing on mutually complementary classes of Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms.
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