A formula for the Łojasiewicz exponent at infinity in the real plane via real approximations
Let \(f=(f_{1},\ldots ,f_{n}):\mathbb{R}^{2}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{n}\) be a polynomial mapping. The author give a formula for the Łojasiewicz exponent \(\mathcal{L}_{\infty }(f)\) of \(f\) at infinity (by definition \(\mathcal{L} _{\infty }(f):=\sup \{\nu \in \mathbb{R}:\parallel f(x,y)\parallel \geq C\parallel (x,y)\parallel ^{\nu }\) for sufficiently large \(\parallel (x,y)\parallel \}\)) in terms of the Puiseux series \(x_{j}(y)\) representing branches at infinity of the algebraic curve \(f_{1}\cdot \ldots \cdot f_{n}=0\) in \( \mathbb{C}^{2}.\) Precisely, \[ \mathcal{L}_{\infty }(f)=\min_{j}(\deg f(x_{j}^{\mathbb{R}}(y),y)), \] where \(x_{j}^{\mathbb{R}}(y)\) are the real approximation of \(x_{j}(y)\) i.e. if \(x_{j}(y)=a_{1}y^{\alpha _{1}}+a_{2}y^{\alpha _{2}}+\ldots ,\) \(a_{i}\in \mathbb{C},\) \(\alpha _{1}>\alpha _{2}>\ldots ,\) and \(a_{1},a_{2},\ldots ,a_{s-1}\in \mathbb{R},\) \(a_{s}\not\in \mathbb{R},\) then \(x_{j}^{\mathbb{R} }(y):=a_{1}y^{\alpha _{1}}+a_{2}y^{\alpha _{2}}+\ldots +a_{s-1}y^{\alpha _{s-1}}+cy^{\alpha _{s}},\) \(c\in \mathbb{R}\) generic. As corollaries they obtain examples of testing sets for properness of \(f\) and consequently sufficient conditions for a polynomial local diffeomorphism \(f:\mathbb{R} ^{2}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{2}\) to be a global diffeomorphism.
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