Ricci time in the Lemaître-Tolman model and the block universe

DOI10.1007/S10714-015-1950-0MaRDI QIDQ895690zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Yasser Elmahalawy, Charles Hellaby, George F. R. Ellis

Publication date 4 December 2015

Published in General Relativity and Gravitation (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.01850

zbMATH Keywords

arrow of timestrong gravityevolving block universeRicci timeLemaître-Tolman model

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Philosophical and critical aspects of logic and foundations (03A05) Einstein's equations (general structure, canonical formalism, Cauchy problems) (83C05) Black holes (83C57) Space-time singularities, cosmic censorship, etc. (83C75) Relativistic cosmology (83F05)

Abstract: It is common to think of our universe according to the "block universe" concept, which says that spacetime consists of many "stacked" 3-surfaces, labelled by some kind of proper time, $au$. Standard ideas do not distinguish past and future, but Ellis "evolving block universe" tries to make a fundamental distinction. One proposal for this proper time is the proper time measured along the timelike Ricci eigenlines, starting from the big bang. This work investigates the shape of the "Ricci time" surfaces relative to the the null surfaces. We use the Lemaitre-Tolman metric as our inhomogeneous spacetime model, and we find the necessary and sufficient conditions for these $$= constant$$ surfaces, $S(au)$, to be spacelike or timelike. Furthermore, we look at the effect of strong gravity domains by determining the location of timelike $S$ regions relative to apparent horizons. We find that constant Ricci time surfaces are always spacelike near the big bang, while at late times (near the crunch or the extreme far future), they are only timelike under special circumstances. At intermediate times, timelike $S$ regions are common unless the variation of the bang time is restricted. The regions where these surfaces become timelike are often adjacent to apparent horizons, but always outside them, and in particular timelike $S$ regions do not occur inside black holes.

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