Topological invariants for singularities of real vector fields in dimension three
Ordinary differential equations and connections with real algebraic geometry (fewnomials, desingularization, zeros of abelian integrals, etc.) (34C08) Oscillation theory, zeros, disconjugacy and comparison theory for ordinary differential equations (34C10) Dynamics induced by flows and semiflows (37C10)
This paper is devoted to the determination of topological invariants of absolutely isolated singularities of three-dimensional real vector fields. Following the notation of the paper, if \(\xi_0\) is the germ of an analytic vector field over \((\mathbb{R}^3, 0)\) with an isolated singularity at the origin, the oriented foliation \(\mathcal{L}_0\) defined by \(\xi_0\) is given by any germ of vector field of the form \(f\xi_0\), where \(f\) is a germ of a positive analytic function. This foliation is said to have an \textit{absolutely isolated singularity} at the origin if and only if the transform of \(\mathcal{L}_0\) under any finite sequence of blowing-ups has only isolated singularities and the exceptional divisor is invariant. As it has been shown in [\textit{C. Camacho, F. Cano} and \textit{P. Sad}, Invent. Math. 98, No. 2, 351--369 (1989; Zbl 0689.32008)], the oriented foliations with an absolutely isolated singularity at the origin, have a canonical reduction of singularities \(\pi: (M,D) \to (\mathbb{R}^3,0)\) formed by the composition of a finite sequence of blowing-ups and such that the singularities of the corresponding vector field at \(M\) have a non-nilpotent linear part. Note that the exceptional divisor is given by \(D\), that \(\partial M=D\) and that \(D = \bigcup_{i=1}^{n} D_i\), where \(D_i\) is an irreducible component created at each blowing-up. Two germs \(\xi_0\) and \(\xi_0'\) of analytic vector fields over \((\mathbb{R}^3,0)\) are said to be \textit{\(\pi\)-topologically equivalent} if there is a homeomorphism \(h: (M,D) \to (M,D)\) that respects the natural stratification of \(M\) induced by the decomposition \(D = \bigcup_{i=1}^{n} D_i\) and that induces an oriented topological equivalence between the transforms \(\mathcal{L}\) and \(\mathcal{L}'\) of each oriented foliation defined by \(\xi_0\) and \(\xi_0'\), respectively. In this paper, a complete classification for the \(\pi\)-topological equivalence in a wide class \(\mathcal{H}_\pi\) of vector fields with absolutely isolated singularities and which admit \(\pi\) as a desingularization morphism, is given. This wide class \(\mathcal{H}_\pi\) of vector fields is defined to satisfy several generic properties such as \textit{hyperbolicity} of all the singularities of \(\mathcal{L}\) at \(M\), a \textit{non-return} property which avoids the existence of invariant cycles or oriented cycles (see the reviewed paper for a proper definition) and that only \textit{rigid saddle connections} are allowed. In fact, the complete classification for the \(\pi\)-topological equivalence is given in the general space \(\mathcal{H}(M,D)\) of oriented foliations by lines defined on \((M,D)\) and which satisfy the previously described generic conditions. Any topological equivalence must respect the \textit{critical locus} of \(\mathcal{L}\), denoted by \(\mathcal{C}(\mathcal{L})\). Thus, the space \(\mathcal{H}_{\mathcal{C}}(M,D)\) of foliations in \(\mathcal{H}(M,D)\) having a fixed critical locus is taken into account. Given a foliation \(\mathcal{L}\) in the latter space, a finite set of paths \(\mathcal{P}(\mathcal{L})\) formed with edges in \(\mathcal{C}\) and depending only on the eigenvalues in the singularities at \(\mathcal{L}\) is defined. Two foliations in \(\mathcal{H}_{\mathcal{C}}(M,D)\) that are topologically equivalent need to have the same set of paths \(\mathcal{P}\). The main result of the paper is the reciprocal of this fact. Theorem. Let \(\mathcal{L}, \mathcal{L}' \in \mathcal{H}_\mathcal{C}(M,D)\) and assume that \(\mathcal{P}(\mathcal{L}) =\mathcal{P}(\mathcal{L}')\). Then, there is a topological equivalence \(h: (M,D) \to (M,D)\) between \(\mathcal{L}\) and \(\mathcal{L}'\). The proof of this theorem is constructive and all the objects taken into account are defined step by step. Thus, this paper provides a source of new material to go on the study of the topological properties of foliations on \(\mathbb{R}^3\).
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