Residue sums of Dickson polynomials over finite fields
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Abstract: Given a polynomial with integral coefficients, one can inquire about the possible residues it can take in its image modulo a prime . The sum over the distinct residues can sometimes be computed independent of the prime ; for example, Gauss showed that the sum over quadratic residues vanishes modulo a prime. In this paper we provide a closed form for the sum over distinct residues in the image of Dickson polynomials of arbitrary degree over finite fields of odd characteristic, and prove a complete characterization of the size of the image set. Our result provides the first non-trivial classification of such a sum for a family of polynomials of unbounded degree.
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