Small scale distribution of zeros and mass of modular forms

Holomorphic modular forms of integral weight (11F11) Fourier coefficients of automorphic forms (11F30) Langlands (L)-functions; one variable Dirichlet series and functional equations (11F66) Relations between spectral theory and ergodic theory, e.g., quantum unique ergodicity (58J51)

Abstract: We study the behavior of zeros and mass of holomorphic Hecke cusp forms on

at small scales. In particular, we examine the distribution of the zeros within hyperbolic balls whose radii shrink sufficiently slowly as

k i g h t a r r o w i n f t y

. We show that the zeros equidistribute within such balls as

k i g h t a r r o w i n f t y

as long as the radii shrink at a rate at most a small power of

1 / l o g k

. This relies on a new, effective, proof of Rudnick's theorem on equidistribution of the zeros and on an effective version of Quantum Unique Ergodicity for holomorphic forms, which we obtain in this paper. We also examine the distribution of the zeros near the cusp of

. Ghosh and Sarnak conjectured that almost all the zeros here lie on two vertical geodesics. We show that for almost all forms a positive proportion of zeros high in the cusp do lie on these geodesics. For all forms, we assume the Generalized Lindel"of Hypothesis and establish a lower bound on the number of zeros that lie on these geodesics, which is significantly stronger than the previous unconditional results.

Review text

In this article, the authors study the equidistribution of zeros and mass of holomorphic Hecke cusp forms \(f\) of weight \(k\) with respect to \(\text{SL}_2(\mathbb Z)\) at small scales. They consider the distribution of zeros of \(f\) in two domains \(B(z,r_k)\) and \(\mathcal{F}_Y\) separately. Here \(B(z,r_k)\) is a hyperbolic ball contained in the canonical fundamental domain \(\mathcal{F}\) of \(\text{SL}_2(\mathbb Z)\) centered at \(z\) and of radius \(r_k\) with \(r_k\rightarrow 0\) sufficiently slowly as \(k\longrightarrow\infty\) and \(\mathcal{F}_Y\) is a neighborhood of the cusp of \(\mathcal{F}\) such that \(\mathcal{F}_Y=\{z\in \mathcal{F}~:~\text{Im}(z)>Y\},~~Y\geq\sqrt{k\log k}\). They show the following results: Let \(N_f(D)\) be the number of zeros of \(f\) in a domain \(D\) and \(A(D)\) the area of \(D\) by hyperbolic measure. Let \(B(z_0,r)\subset \{z\in\mathcal{F}~:~\text{Im}(z)\leq B\}\) for a fixed \(B>0\) and \(r\geq(\log k)^{-\delta_0/2+\varepsilon}\), where \(\delta_0=31/8-\sqrt{15}\). Then \(\frac{N_f(B(z_0,r))}{N_f(\mathcal{F)}}=\frac{A(B(z_0,r))}{A(\mathcal{F})}+O_B(r(\log k)^{-\delta_0/2+\varepsilon})~(k\rightarrow\infty)\). Further, if assuming the generalized Lindelöf hypothesis, in the above, the factor \((\log k)^{-\delta_0/2+\varepsilon}\) can be replaced by the smaller factor \(k^{-1/8+\varepsilon}\) for \(r\geq k^{-1/8+\varepsilon}\). As for the distribution of zeros in \(\mathcal{F}_Y\), \textit{A. Ghosh} and \textit{P. Sarnak} [J. Eur. Math. Soc. (JEMS) 14, No. 2, 465--487 (2012; Zbl 1287.11054)] conjectured that almost all zeros \(\rho_f\) of \(f\) in \(\mathcal{F}_Y\) lie on two lines \(L_1:\text{Re}(z)=0,L_2:\text{Re}(z)=-1/2\) and gave a lower bound on the number of zeros on these lines. The authors show for almost all cusp forms \(f\) that \(\sharp\{\rho_f\in L_i\}\geq c(\varepsilon)\cdot \sharp\{\rho_f\in \mathcal{F}_Y\} ~(i=1,2)\), provided that \(\delta(\varepsilon)k>Y>\sqrt{k\log k}\) and \(k\rightarrow\infty\). The constants \(\delta(\varepsilon)\) and \(c(\varepsilon)\) are positive and depend only on \(\varepsilon\). Under the generalized Lindelöf hypothesis, they give a lower bound on the number of zeros on the line \(L_i\), which is significantly stronger than the previous results. Furthermore they show the following effective mass equidistribution for the mass of \(y^k|f(z)|\):~Let \(\phi\) be a smooth function supported in \(\mathcal{F}\) with \(\sup_{z\in\mathcal{F}}\left|y\frac{\partial^a}{\partial x^a}\frac{\partial^b}{\partial y^b}\phi(z)\right|\ll_{a,b}M^{a+b}\), \((z=x+iy, a,b,M\geq 1)\). Then,~ \(\left|\iint_{\mathcal{F}}y^k|f(z)|^2\phi(z)\frac{dxdy}{y^2}-\iint_{\mathcal{F}}\phi(z)\frac{dxdy}{y^2}\right|\ll_{\varepsilon}M^2(\log k)^{-4\delta_0+\varepsilon}, \) for all \(\varepsilon>0 \) fixed.

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