Solvability of the Hankel determinant problem for real sequences

DOI10.1142/9789813228887_0005MaRDI QIDQ5377709zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors

Publication date 27 May 2019

Published in Frontiers in Orthogonal Polynomials and q-Series (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.01196

Frobenius rule Hankel matrices Kronecker theorem orthogonal polynomials

Vector spaces, linear dependence, rank, lineability (15A03) Determinants, permanents, traces, other special matrix functions (15A15) Moment problems (44A60) Jacobi (tridiagonal) operators (matrices) and generalizations (47B36)

Abstract: To each nonzero sequence

s := {s_{n}}_{n g e q 0}

of real numbers we associate the Hankel determinants

D_{n} = d e t m a t h c a l H_{n}

of the Hankel matrices

m a t h c a l H_{n} := (s_{i + j})_{i, j = 0}^{n}

,

n g e q 0

, and the nonempty set

N_{s} := n g e q 1, |, D_{n - 1} e q 0

. We also define the Hankel determinant polynomials

P_{0} := 1

, and

P_{n}

,

n g e q 1

as the determinant of the Hankel matrix

m a t h c a l H_{n}

modified by replacing the last row by the monomials

1, x, l d o t s, x^{n}

. Clearly

P_{n}

is a polynomial of degree at most

n

and of degree

n

if and only if

n i n N_{s}

. Kronecker established in 1881 that if

N_{s}

is finite then rank

m a t h c a l H_{n} = r

for each

n g e q r - 1

, where

r := m a x N_{s}

. By using an approach suggested by I.S.Iohvidov in 1969 we give a short proof of this result and a transparent proof of the conditions on a real sequence

{t_{n}}_{n g e q 0}

to be of the form

t_{n} = D_{n}

,

n g e q 0

for a real sequence

{s_{n}}_{n g e q 0}

. This is the Hankel determinant problem. We derive from the Kronecker identities that each Hankel determinant polynomial

P_{n}

satisfying deg

P_{n} = n g e q 1

is preceded by a nonzero polynomial

P_{n - 1}

whose degree can be strictly less than

n - 1

and which has no common zeros with

P_{n}

. As an application of our results we obtain a new proof of a recent theorem by Berg and Szwarc about positive semidefiniteness of all Hankel matrices provided that

D_{0} > 0, l d o t s, D_{r - 1} > 0

and

D_{n} = 0

for all

n g e q r

.

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