Span composition using fake pullbacks
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Subalgebras, congruence relations (08A30) Factorization systems, substructures, quotient structures, congruences, amalgams (18A32) Equational categories (18C05) Fibered categories (18D30) Protomodular categories, semi-abelian categories, Mal'tsev categories (18E13) Connections of group theory with homological algebra and category theory (20J99)
Abstract: The construction of a category of spans can be made in some categories which do not have pullbacks in the traditional sense. The PROP for monoids is a good example of such a . The 2012 book concerning homological algebra by Marco Grandis gives the proof of associativity of relations in a Puppe-exact category based on a 1967 paper of M.v{S}. Calenko. The proof here is a restructuring of that proof in the spirit of the first sentence of this Abstract. We observe that these relations are spans of EM-spans and that EM-spans admit fake pullbacks so that spans of EM-spans compose. Our setting is more general than Puppe-exact categories.
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