High-rank ternary forms of even degree
The Waring rank of a given form over an algebraically closed field \(\mathbb{K}\) of characteristic zero is the minimum number of summands needed to write the form as a sum of powers of linear forms. The Waring problem for all forms over \(\mathbb{K}\) of a given degree and a given number of variables asks for the minimum number of summands needed to write \textit{all} these forms as a sum of powers of linear forms, i.,e., asks for the maximum Waring rank of all the forms considered. It is thus of interest to find lower bounds for the (Waring) ranks of certain sets of forms. The main result of this paper proves the existence, for each even degree, of a ternary form whose rank exceeds the maximum rank of a ternary monomial, i.\,e.\ of a form \(F\in\mathbb{K}[x,y,z]\) of degree \(2k+2\) with \(\operatorname{rk}F > k^2+3k+2\), where \(k\) is a nonnegative integer. Together with a result of \textit{J. Buczyński} and \textit{Z. Teitler} [Collect. Math. 67, No. 3, 431--441 (2016; Zbl 1346.13055)] this yields \(r_{\max}(3,d)\geq\lfloor\frac{d^2+2d+5}{4}\rfloor\), where \(r_{\max}(3,d)\) is the maximum rank of forms over \(\mathbb{K}\) of 3 variables and degree \(d\geq2\).
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