The Fowler–Guggenheim isotherm model is an adsorption model that incorporates lateral interactions between adsorbed molecules. Unlike Langmuir’s assumption of independent adsorption sites, this model allows the heat of adsorption to vary with surface coverage. Attractive interactions raise adsorption energy with increasing coverage, while repulsive interactions cause the opposite trend. The model provides a more realistic description for adsorbates that influence each other after adsorption. It is commonly applied in surface chemistry and environmental adsorption analysis, including chemical wastewater treatment.
Fowler-Guggenheim isotherm model
mathematical model for adsorption with lateral interactions