Splitting loops and necklaces: variants of the square peg problem

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Abstract: Toeplitz conjectured that any simple planar loop inscribes a square. Here we prove variants of Toeplitz' square peg problem. We prove Hadwiger's 1971 conjecture that any simple loop in 3-space inscribes a parallelogram. We show that any simple planar loop inscribes sufficiently many rectangles that their vertices are dense in the loop (independently due to Schwartz). If the loop is rectifiable, there is a rectangle that cuts the loop into four pieces that can be rearranged to form two loops of equal length. A rectifiable loop in d-space can be cut into (r−1)(d+1)+1 pieces that can be rearranged by translations to form r loops of equal length. We relate our results to fair divisions of necklaces in the sense of Alon and to Tverberg-type results. This provides a new approach and a common framework to obtain variants of Toeplitz' square peg problem for the class of all continuous curves.












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