Staircase baker's map generates flaring-type time series
baker's mapBoltzmann \(H\) functionchaos-generating discrete dynamical systemflare attractorsmulti-baker's mapPoincaré cycles
Strange attractors, chaotic dynamics of systems with hyperbolic behavior (37D45) Dynamical aspects of finite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems (37J99) Time series analysis of dynamical systems (37M10) Dynamical systems in other branches of physics (quantum mechanics, general relativity, laser physics) (37N20) Quantum chaos (81Q50)
The baker's map, invented by Eberhard Hopf in 1937, is an intuitively accesible, two-dimensional chaos-generating discrete dynamical system. This map, which describes the transformation of an idealized two-dimensional dough by stretching, cutting and piling, is nondissipative. Nevertheless, the ``\(x\) variable is identical with the dissipative, one-dimensional Bernoulli-shift-generating map. The generalization proposed here takes up ideas of Yaacov Sinai in a modified form. It has a staircase-like shape, with every next step half as high as the preceding one. Each pair of neighboring elements exchanges an equal volume (area) during every interation step in a scaled manner. Since the density of iterated points is constant, the thin tail (to the right, say) is visited only exponentially rarely. This observation already explains the map's qualitative behavior: The ``\(x\) variable shows ``flares. The time series of this variable is closely analogous to that of a flaring-type dissipative dynamical system -- like those recently described in an abstract economic model. An initial point starting its journey in the tale (or ``antenna, if we tilt the map upwards by 90 degrees) is predictably attracted by the broad left hand (bottom) part, in order to only very rare venture out again to the tip. Yet whenever it does so, it thereby creates, with the top of a flare, a new ``far-from-equilibrium initial condition, in this reversible system. The system therefore qualifies as a discrete analogue to a far-from-equilibrium multiparticle Hamiltonian system. The height of the flare hereby corresponds to the momentary height of the \(H\) function of a gas. An observable which is even more closely related to the momentary negative entropy was recently described. Dependent on the numerical accuracy chosen, ``Poincaré cycles of two different types (periodic and nonperiodic) can be observed for the first time.
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- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 2052961
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