Super-approximation. II: The p-adic case and the case of bounded powers of square-free integers
A family of Cayley graphs \(\mathrm{Cay}(G_n,S_n)\) forms an expander family if there is a constant \(c>0\) such that the difference between the largest and the next eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix of \(\mathrm{Cay}(G_n,S_n)\) is at least \(c\) for almost all \(n\). Margulis proved long back that the family of Cayley graphs of finite quotients of a finitely generated group with Kazhdan's property T is a family of expanders. Two important examples of expander families due to Bourgain and Gamburd are the following. They showed that for a fixed prime \(p\), and a fixed finite, symmetric subset \(S\) of \(\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb{Z})\) generating a Zariski-dense subgroup, the family of graphs \(\mathrm{Cay}(\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb{Z}/p^n \mathbb{Z}), S\bmod p^n)\) forms an expander family. They also showed that the family \(\mathrm{Cay}(\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb{Z}/p \mathbb{Z}), S\bmod p)\) as the prime \(p\) varies is an expander family. Now, since strong approximation of a Zariski dense subgroup \(\Gamma\) of \(\mathrm{SL}(2, \mathbb{Z})\) amounts to its surjectivity onto \(\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb{Z}/p \mathbb{Z})\) for almost all primes \(p\), the property of being an expander family has come to be called by some mathematicians as superstrong approximation or super-approximation by the present author. The interest in expander graphs is due to the fact that they are simultaneously sparse as well as highly connected. In Part I of this paper [Int. Math. Res. Not. 2017, No. 23, 7190--7263 (2017; Zbl 1405.22025)], the author had proved the following theorem: Let \(S\) be a finite, symmetric subset of \(\mathrm{GL}(N,k)\), where \(k\) is a number field. Consider the set \(C\) of finite places \(P\) of \(k\) such that \(S \subset \mathrm{GL}(N,O_P)\). Let \(\Gamma\) be the subgroup generated by \(S\). Assume that the Zariski closure of \(\Gamma\) is semisimple. Then, the family of graphs \(\mathrm{Cay}(\pi_{P^n}(\Gamma), \pi_{p^n}(S))\) as \(P\) varies over \(C\) and \(n\) varies over positive integers, forms an expander family. Here \(\pi_{P^n}\) is the natural map \(\mathrm{GL}(N,O_P) \rightarrow \mathrm{GL}(N,O_p/P^nO_P)\). In the present paper, the author proves several results including a generalization of the above theorem where semisimplicity is replaced by the weaker assumption of perfectness. More precisely, he proves: Let \(S\) be a finite, symmetric subset of \(\mathrm{GL}(N_0,\mathbb{Z}[1/q_0])\), and let \(M_0\) be a fixed positive integer. Assume that the group \(\Gamma\) generated by \(S\) is infinite. Consider the families of graphs \(\mathrm{Cay}(\pi_{n}(\Gamma), \pi_{n}(S))\) where \(n\) varies either over prime powers of primes not dividing \(q_0\) or over positive integers whose \(p\)-adic valuation is at the most \(M_0\) for every prime \(p\). Then, the families are expanders if and only if the connected component of the Zariski closure of \(\Gamma\) is a perfect group. Unlike earlier works, the author needs to use new ideas and a combination of techniques from \(p\)-adic analytic pro-\(p\) groups like Howe's Kirillov theory of compact \(p\)-adic groups, \(p\)-adic analysis and noncommutative algebra. In particular, he uses Bruhat-Tits theory also. The author's result here is the first super-approximation theorem for powers of primes beyond the semisimple case. It should be noted that the main result is strong because it is a necessary and sufficient condition. There are many subsidiary results and applications to the largeness of the images of \(l\)-adic Galois representations in this rich paper.
- A uniform open image theorem for \(\ell\)-adic representations. I
- A uniform open image theorem for \(\ell\)-adic representations. II
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- Ergodic theory of amenable group actions. I: The Rohlin lemma
- Erzeugende und Relationen verallgemeinerter Einheitengruppen.
- Expander graphs and their applications
- Expander graphs, gonality, and variation of Galois representations
- Expansion and random walks in \(\text{SL}_d(\mathbb{Z}/p^n\mathbb{Z})\). I.
- Expansion and random walks in \(\text{SL}_d(\mathbb{Z}/p^n\mathbb{Z})\). II.
- Expansion in \(\mathrm{SL}_d(\mathcal O_K/I)\), \(I\) square-free.
- Expansion in \(\text{SL}_d(\mathbb Z/q\mathbb Z)\), \(q\) arbitrary.
- Expansion in perfect groups.
- Fields of large transcendence degree generated by values of elliptic functions
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- Sieve methods in group theory. I: Powers in linear groups.
- Specialization of monodromy group and \(\ell \)-independence
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- Strong ergodicity, property (T), and orbit equivalence rigidity for translation actions
- Super-approximation, I: $\mathfrak {p}$-adic semisimple case
- Symmetric Random Walks on Groups
- The affine sieve
- Uniform diameter bounds for some families of Cayley graphs
- Uniform expansion bounds for Cayley graphs of \(\text{SL}_2(\mathbb F_p)\).
- Word maps, conjugacy classes, and a noncommutative Waring-type theorem.
- Expansion in perfect groups.
- Sum-product for real Lie groups
- Logarithmic diameter bounds for some Cayley graphs
- Locally random groups
- Linear random walks on the torus
- Sum-product phenomena: \(\mathfrak{P}\)-adic case
- Unlikely intersections with Hecke translates of a special subvariety
- Working session: Thin groups and super-approximation. Abstracts from the working session held October 10--15, 2021 (hybrid meeting)
- Superstrong approximation for monodromy groups
- Approximate subgroups and super-strong approximation
- A note on a theorem of Cadoret and Tamagawa
- Expander graphs, gonality, and variation of Galois representations
- Super-approximation, I: $\mathfrak {p}$-adic semisimple case
- Constructing highly regular expanders from hyperbolic Coxeter groups
- Toward super‐approximation in positive characteristic
- Expansion in \(\mathrm{SL}_d(\mathcal O_K/I)\), \(I\) square-free.
- Spectral hole in simple groups
- Random walk on group extensions
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