Tantalizing properties of subsequences of the Fibonacci sequence modulo 10

DOI10.1216/RMJ.2024.54.179MaRDI QIDQ6200859zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Dan Guyer, Aba Mbirika, Miko Scott

Publication date 25 March 2024

Published in Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.13276, https://projecteuclid.org/journals/rocky-mountain-journal-of-mathematics/volume-54/issue-1/TANTALIZING-PROPERTIES-OF-SUBSEQUENCES-OF-THE-FIBONACCI-SEQUENCE-MODULO-10/10.1216/rmj.2024.54.179.full

zbMATH Keywords

Fibonacci sequencemodular arithmeticPisano periodstar polygonsubsequence

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and polynomials and generalizations (11B39) Sequences (mod (m)) (11B50)

Abstract: The Fibonacci sequence modulo $m$, which we denote $left(mathcal{F}_{m,n}ight{)}_{n=0}^{i}nfty$ where $mathcal{F}_{m,n}$ is the Fibonacci number $F_n$ modulo $m$, has been a well-studied object in mathematics since the seminal paper by D.~D.~Wall in 1960 exploring a myriad of properties related to the periods of these sequences. Since the time of Lagrange it has been known that $left(mathcal{F}_{m,n}ight{)}_{n=0}^{i}nfty$ is periodic for each $m$. We examine this sequence when $m=10$, yielding a sequence of period length 60. In particular, we explore its subsequences composed of every $r^{mathrmth}$ term of $left(mathcal{F}_{10,n}ight{)}_{n=0}^{i}nfty$ starting from the term $mathcal{F}_{10,k}$ for some $0leqkleq59$. More precisely we consider the subsequences $left(mathcal{F}_{10,k+rj}ight{)}_{j=0}^{i}nfty$, which we show are themselves periodic and whose lengths divide 60. Many intriguing properties reveal themselves as we alter the $k$ and $r$ values. For example, for certain $r$ values the corresponding subsequences surprisingly obey the Fibonacci recurrence relation; that is, any two consecutive subsequence terms sum to the next term modulo 10. Moreover, for all $r$ values relatively prime to 60, the subsequence $left(mathcal{F}_{10,k+rj}ight{)}_{j=0}^{i}nfty$ coincides exactly with the original parent sequence $left(mathcal{F}_{10,n}ight{)}_{n=0}^{i}nfty$ (or a cyclic shift of it) running either forward or reverse. We demystify this phenomena and explore many other tantalizing properties of these subsequences.

Recommendations

• Periodicity of modular sequences of the Fibonacci sequence
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• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 7316526

Cites work

• Fibonacci and Lucas numbers with applications. Volume I
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• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 194969 (Why is no real title available?)
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3188595 (Why is no real title available?)
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Cited in

(1)

• Period Patterns, Entry Points, and Orders in the Lucas Sequences: Theory and Applications

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