Temporal Entanglement in Chaotic Quantum Circuits
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Abstract: The concept of space-evolution (or space-time duality) has emerged as a promising approach for studying quantum dynamics. The basic idea involves exchanging the roles of space and time and evolving the system using a space transfer matrix. The infinite-volume limit is then described by the fixed points of this operator, also known as influence matrices. To evaluate the potential of this method as a numerical scheme, it is important to understand whether the influence matrices can be efficiently encoded in a classical computer. It is then natural to wonder what is the scaling of their entanglement, dubbed temporal entanglement, as a function of time. In this work we study space evolution in chaotic quantum circuits. First, we extend the concept of space-evolution to include evolution in any generic space-like direction, which enables us to use influence matrices on a generic time-like surface, or path, to describe any two-point function. Then we study their entanglement, finding that it scales linearly with time for all paths but with two interesting marginal cases: (i) vertical paths in generic chaotic systems (ii) any path in dual-unitary circuits. In these cases R'enyi entropies with index larger than one are sub-linear in time, while the von Neumann entanglement entropy is linear but grows at a slower rate compared to regular state entanglement. We attribute this behaviour to the existence of a product state with large overlap with the influence matrices, similarly to what has been observed for regular entanglement in systems with conservation laws.
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