The entry-exit function and geometric singular perturbation theory

DOI10.1016/J.JDE.2016.01.008MaRDI QIDQ5963858zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors P. De Maesschalck, Stephen Schecter

Publication date 26 February 2016

Published in Journal of Differential Equations (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.01815

zbMATH Keywords

bifurcation delayblow-upentry-exit functiongeometric singular perturbation theoryturning point

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Relaxation oscillations for ordinary differential equations (34C26) Perturbations, asymptotics of solutions to ordinary differential equations (34E10) Canard solutions to ordinary differential equations (34E17) Singular perturbations, turning point theory, WKB methods for ordinary differential equations (34E20)

Abstract: For small $epsilon>0$, the system $dotx=epsilon$, $dotz=h(x,z,epsilon)z$, with $h(x,0,0)<0$ for $x<0$ and $h(x,0,0)>0$ for $x>0$, admits solutions that approach the $x$-axis while $x<0$ and are repelled from it when $x>0$. The limiting attraction and repulsion points are given by the well-known entry-exit function. For $h(x,z,epsilon)z$ replaced by $h(x,z,epsilon)z^2$, we explain this phenomenon using geometric singular perturbation theory. We also show that the linear case can be reduced to the quadratic case, and we discuss the smoothness of the return map to the line $z=z_0$, $z_0>0$, in the limit $epsilono0$.

Review text

This paper deals with the slow-fast planar system of the form NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\dot{x}=\varepsilon f(x,z,\varepsilon), NEWLINE\]NEWLINE NEWLINE\[NEWLINE \dot{z}= g(x,z,\varepsilon)z,NEWLINE\]NEWLINE where \(x, z \in {\mathbb R}\) and \(f(x,0,0)>0, g(x,0,0)<0\) for \(x<0\) and \(g(x,0,0)>0 \) for \(x>0\). For \(\varepsilon=0\) the \(x\)-axis consists of equilibria. These equilibria are normally attracting for \(x<0\) and normally repelling for \(x>0\). For small \(\varepsilon>0\), a solution that starts at \((x_0, z_0)\), with \(x_0\) negative and \(z_0 >0\) small, is attracted quickly toward the \(x\)-axis, then drifts to the right along the \(x\)-axis, and finally is repelled from the \(x\)-axis. It reintersects the line \(z=z_0\) at a point whose \(x\)-coordinate is denoted by \(p_{\varepsilon}(x_0)\). When \(\varepsilon \to 0\) the function \(p_{\varepsilon}(x_0)\) approaches a function \(p_0(x_0)\) which is called \textbf{the entry-exit function}.NEWLINENEWLINEIn this paper, the entry-exit relation is established for the given system indirectly based on blow-up, without making nongeneric assumptions. The construction uses cylindrical blow-up, explains the phenomenon geometrically, and yields \(C^{\infty}\)-smoothness of the return map. Also it is shown that the linear case can be reduced to the quadratic case, and it is discussed the smoothness of the return map to the line \(z=z_0\), \(z_0>0\), in the limit \(\varepsilon\to 0\).

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Cited in

(69)

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