Triangles and groups via cevians

Brocard angle Cevian generalized median triangle group structure on \({\mathbb{R}}\)left-circulant matrix median triangle reflection matrix shape function similarity of triangles

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Matrix equations and identities (15A24) Toeplitz, Cauchy, and related matrices (15B05) Other geometric groups, including crystallographic groups (20H15) Reflection groups, reflection geometries (51F15) Elementary problems in Euclidean geometries (51M04) Geometric constructions in real or complex geometry (51M15) Euclidean analytic geometry (51N20)

Abstract: For a given triangle

T

and a real number

h o

we define Ceva's triangle

C T_{h} o (T)

to be the triangle formed by three cevians each joining a vertex of

T

to the point which divides the opposite side in the ratio

h o : (1 - h o)

. We identify the smallest interval

M_{T} s u b s e t R

such that the family

C T_{h} o (T), h o i n M_{T}

, contains all Ceva's triangles up to similarity. We prove that the composition of operators

C T_{h} o, h o i n R

, acting on triangles is governed by a certain group structure on

R

. We use this structure to prove that two triangles have the same Brocard angle if and only if a congruent copy of one of them can be recovered by sufficiently many iterations of two operators

C T_{h} o

and

C T_{x} i

acting on the other triangle.

Review text

For a given triangle \(T=ABC\) and a real number \(\rho\) there exist three points \(A_1\), \(B_1\), \(C_1\) which are determined by \(\overrightarrow{BA_1}=\rho\overrightarrow{BC}\), \(\overrightarrow{CB_1}=\rho\overrightarrow{CA}\), \(\overrightarrow{A C_1}=\rho\overrightarrow{AB}\). All considerations in the paper under review are based on the fact that there is a triangle \(A^{\prime}B^{\prime}C^{\prime} \) whose side lengths are equal to the lengths of the concurrent cevians \(AA_1\), \(BB_1\), \(CC_1\) of the original triangle. The new triangle \(A^{\prime}B^{\prime}C^{\prime} \) called Ceva's triangle is also denoted by \(\mathcal{C}_{\rho} (T)\). In this way the operator \(\mathcal{C}_{\rho} (T):ABC \longrightarrow A^{\prime}B^{\prime}C^{\prime} \) acting on triangles is defined. The authors prove the existence of a smallest interval \(M_{T}\subset \mathbb{R}\) such that the set \(\mathcal{C}_{\rho} (T),\,\rho \in M_{T}\) contains all Ceva's triangles up to similarity. Using the composition of operators \(\mathcal{C}_{\rho} (T),\,\rho \in \mathbb{R}\) they introduce three special group structures on \(\mathbb{R}\). Two applications of these results are given. The first application is the characterization of triangles whose set of all Ceva's triangles contains a right triangle. The second one is the investigation of pairs of triangles with the same Brocard angle.

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