Two applications of the theory of primary matrix functions
Jordan canonical formmatrix logarithmmatrix square rootprimary matrix functionrankToeplitz matrixtournament matrix
Vector spaces, linear dependence, rank, lineability (15A03) Canonical forms, reductions, classification (15A21) Matrices over function rings in one or more variables (15A54) Norms of matrices, numerical range, applications of functional analysis to matrix theory (15A60) Functions whose values are linear operators (operator- and matrix-valued functions, etc., including analytic and meromorphic ones) (47A56)
A systematic exposition of primary matrix functions was given by \textit{R. A. Horn} and \textit{C. R. Johnson} [Topics in matrix analysis, Cambridge University Press, New York (1991; Zbl 0729.15001)]. For a complex \(n\times n\) matrix the authors use the Jordan canonical form \[ A=S\left[ \begin{matrix} J_{n_{1}}(\lambda) & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \ddots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & J_{n_{d}}(\lambda) \end{matrix} \right] S^{-1} \] where \(J_{k}(\lambda) \) are \(k\)-Jordan blocks. Assume that \(f:D\rightarrow\mathbb{C}\), \(D\subset\mathbb{C}\), is a given analytic function in an open set containing the spectrum of \(A.\) The primary matrix function is defined by \[ f\left( A\right) =S\left[ \begin{matrix} f(J_{n_{1}}(\lambda)) & 0 & 0\\ 0 & \ddots & 0\\ 0 & 0 & f(J_{n_{d}}(\lambda)) \end{matrix} \right] S^{-1} \] in which each block \(f( J_{k}( \lambda)) \) is an upper triangular Toeplitz matrix with the entries \(f( \lambda) ,\) \(f'( \lambda) ,\dots,f^{( k-1)}( \lambda) /( k-1)!\) in the first row. The authors consider whether \(f(A) \) can have rank one, and whether, for a given \(B,\) there is a unique \(A\) such that \(f(A) =B.\)
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