Ulam sequences and Ulam sets

MaRDI QIDQ5384296zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Noah Kravitz, Stefan Steinerberger

Publication date 21 June 2019

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.01883, http://math.colgate.edu/~integers/s80/s80.pdf

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Special sequences and polynomials (11B83)

Abstract: The Ulam sequence is given by $a_1=1,a_2=2$, and then, for $ngeq3$, the element $a_n$ is defined as the smallest integer that can be written as the sum of two distinct earlier elements in a unique way. This gives the sequence $1,2,3,4,6,8,11,13,16,dots$, which has a mysterious quasi-periodic behavior that is not understood. Ulam's definition naturally extends to higher dimensions: for a set of initial vectors $left{v}_1,dots,v_{k}ightsubsetmathbb{R}^n$, we define a sequence by repeatedly adding the smallest elements that can be uniquely written as the sum of two distinct vectors already in the set. The resulting sets have very rich structure that turns out to be universal for many commuting binary operations. We give examples of different types of behavior, prove several universality results, and describe new unexplained phenomena.

Recommendations

• Ulam sets in new settings
• A hidden signal in the Ulam sequence
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• The Ulam sequence of linear integer polynomials
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Cited in

(12)

• Rigidity of Ulam sets and sequences
• The unreasonable rigidity of Ulam sequences
• Lim Ulrich sequences and Lech's conjecture
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 4214099 (Why is no real title available?)
• Univoque numbers and an avatar of Thue–Morse
• A hidden signal in the Ulam sequence
• Structures in additive sequences
• The Ulam sequence of linear integer polynomials
• Ulam sets in new settings
• Small gaps in the Ulam sequence
• Distributions of Ulam words up to length 30
• On fractal patterns in Ulam words

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