Unique double base expansions

Authors V. Komornik, Wolfgang Steiner, Yuru Zou

Radix representation; digital problems (11A63) Special sequences and polynomials (11B83) Hausdorff and packing measures (28A78) Symbolic dynamics (37B10) Topological entropy (37B40) Combinatorics on words (68R15)

Abstract: For two real bases

q_{0}, q_{1} > 1

, we consider expansions of real numbers of the form

s u m_{k = 1}^{i n f t y} i_{k} / (q_{i_{1}} q_{i_{2}} c d o t s q_{i_{k}})

with

i_{k} i n 0, 1

, which we call

(q_{0}, q_{1})

-expansions. A sequence

(i_{k})

is called a unique

(q_{0}, q_{1})

-expansion if all other sequences have different values as

(q_{0}, q_{1})

-expansions, and the set of unique

(q_{0}, q_{1})

-expansions is denoted by

U_{q_{0}, q_{1}}

. %We show that replacing the digits

i_{k}

by

d_{i_{k}}

with

d_{1} (q_{0} - 1) e q d_{0} (q_{1} - 1)

does not change

U_{q_{0}, q_{1}}

. In the special case

q_{0} = q_{1} = q

, the set

U_{q, q}

is trivial if

q

is below the golden ratio and uncountable if

q

is above the Komornik--Loreti constant. The curve separating pairs of bases

(q_{0}, q_{1})

with trivial

U_{q_{0}, q_{1}}

from those with non-trivial

U_{q_{0}, q_{1}}

is the graph of a function

m a t h c a l G (q_{0})

that we call generalized golden ratio. Similarly, the curve separating pairs

(q_{0}, q_{1})

with countable

U_{q_{0}, q_{1}}

from those with uncountable

U_{q_{0}, q_{1}}

is the graph of a function

m a t h c a l K (q_{0})

that we call generalized Komornik--Loreti constant. We show that the two curves are symmetric in

q_{0}

and

q_{1}

, that

m a t h c a l G

and

m a t h c a l K

are continuous, strictly decreasing, hence almost everywhere differentiable on

(1, i n f t y)

, and that the Hausdorff dimension of the set of

q_{0}

satisfying

m a t h c a l G (q_{0}) = m a t h c a l K (q_{0})

is zero. We give formulas for

m a t h c a l G (q_{0})

and

m a t h c a l K (q_{0})

for all

q_{0} > 1

, using characterizations of when a binary subshift avoiding a lexicographic interval is trivial, countable, uncountable with zero entropy and uncountable with positive entropy respectively.

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