Unitary reflection groups for quantum fault tolerance

Publication date 23 July 2008

Abstract: This paper explores the representation of quantum computing in terms of unitary reflections (unitary transformations that leave invariant a hyperplane of a vector space). The symmetries of qubit systems are found to be supported by Euclidean real reflections (i.e., Coxeter groups) or by specific imprimitive reflection groups, introduced (but not named) in a recent paper [Planat M and Jorrand Ph 2008, {it J Phys A: Math Theor} {�f 41}, 182001]. The automorphisms of multiple qubit systems are found to relate to some Clifford operations once the corresponding group of reflections is identified. For a short list, one may point out the Coxeter systems of type

B_{3}

and

G_{2}

(for single qubits),

D_{5}

and

A_{4}

(for two qubits),

E_{7}

and

E_{6}

(for three qubits), the complex reflection groups

G (2^{l}, 2, 5)

and groups No 9 and 31 in the Shephard-Todd list. The relevant fault tolerant subsets of the Clifford groups (the Bell groups) are generated by the Hadamard gate, the

p i / 4

phase gate and an entangling (braid) gate [Kauffman L H and Lomonaco S J 2004 {it New J. of Phys.} {�f 6}, 134]. Links to the topological view of quantum computing, the lattice approach and the geometry of smooth cubic surfaces are discussed.

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