Using surface integrals for checking Archimedes' law of buoyancy

DOI10.1088/0143-0807/33/1/009MaRDI QIDQ4914377zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Fábio M. S. Lima

Publication date 19 April 2013

Published in European Journal of Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1110.5264

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Boundary-layer theory, separation and reattachment, higher-order effects (76D10)

Abstract: A mathematical derivation of the force exerted by an emph{inhomogeneous} (i.e., compressible) fluid on the surface of an emph{arbitrarily-shaped} body immersed in it is not found in literature, which may be attributed to our trust on Archimedes' law of buoyancy. However, this law, also known as Archimedes' principle (AP), does not yield the force observed when the body is in contact to the container walls, as is more evident in the case of a block immersed in a liquid and in contact to the bottom, in which a emph{downward} force that emph{increases with depth} is observed. In this work, by taking into account the surface integral of the pressure force exerted by a fluid over the surface of a body, the general validity of AP is checked. For a body fully surrounded by a fluid, homogeneous or not, a gradient version of the divergence theorem applies, yielding a volume integral that simplifies to an upward force which agrees to the force predicted by AP, as long as the fluid density is a emph{continuous function of depth}. For the bottom case, this approach yields a downward force that increases with depth, which contrasts to AP but is in agreement to experiments. It also yields a formula for this force which shows that it increases with the area of contact.

Recommendations

• Archimedes' principle in general coordinates
• Calculating the action point of buoyancy with curved surface integral
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Cited in

(4)

• Non-uniqueness of the point of application of the buoyancy force
• Calculating the action point of buoyancy with curved surface integral
• Archimedes' principle in general coordinates
• An instructive derivation of d’Alembert’s paradox

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