On the existence of infinitely many periodic solutions for second-order ordinary \(p\)-Laplacian systems (Q2428780): Difference between revisions

This article is devoted to the following ordinary \(p\)-Laplacian system \[ \qquad \qquad \qquad \frac{d}{dt}(|\dot{u}(t)|^{p-2} \dot{u}(t)) -L(t) |u(t)|^{p-2} u(t)+\nabla F(t,u(t)) = 0, \quad \text{a.e. }\, t\in \mathbb {R}\;[0,T], \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \quad (1) \] where \(p>1, T>0, L\in C(\mathbb {R},\mathbb {R}^{n^2})\) is a positive definite symmetric matrix. \(F: \mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R}^n \to \mathbb {R}\) is \(T\)-periodic in \(t\) for all \(u\in \mathbb {R}^n\), \(\nabla F(t,u)\) is the gradient of \(F(t,u)\) with respect to \(u\) and {(A)} \(\quad F(t,x)\) is measurable in \(t\) for all \(x\in \mathbb {R}^n\) and continuously differentiable in \(x\) for a.e. \, \(t\in [0,T]\), and there exist \(a\in C(\mathbb {R}^+,\mathbb {R}^+), b\in L^1(0,T;\mathbb {R}^+)\) such that \[ |F(t,x)|\leq a(|x|) b(t), \quad | \nabla F(t,x)|\leq a(|x|) b(t) \] for all \(x\in \mathbb {R}^n\) and a.e. \(t\in [0,T]\). The authors also suppose that \(F\) satisfies the following conditions \( \text{(H1)} \quad F(t,x)\geq 0 \quad\) for all \( \; (t,x)\in \mathbb {R}\times \mathbb {R}^n; \) \( \text{(H2)} \quad \lim_{|x|\to 0} \frac{F(t,x)}{|x|^p}= 0 \quad \) uniformly for a.e. \( \; t\in [0,T]; \) \( \text{(H4)} \quad \)There exists a positive constant \( \, M \, \) such that \( \; \limsup_{|x|\to\infty} \frac{F(t,x)}{|x|^r}\leq M \quad \) uniformly for a.e. \( \; t\in [0,T]; \) \( \text{(H5)} \quad \)There exists \( \, M_1>0 \, \) such that \( \; \liminf_{|x|\to\infty} \frac{(\nabla F(t,x),x)-p F(t,x)}{|x|^\mu}\geq M_1 \quad\) uniformly for a.e. \( \; t\in [0,T]; \) where \(r>p\) and \(\mu>r-p\). The authors consider the existence of periodic solutions. Using the critical point theory they obtain the following theorem Theorem 1.1 Suppose that \(F\) satisfies (A), (H1), (H2), (H4), (H5). Moreover, assume that the following conditions hold: (L) \, \(L\in C(\mathbb {R},\mathbb {R}^{n^2})\) is a positive definite symmetric \(T\)-periodic matrix for all \(t\in \mathbb {R}\) and there exist constants \(c_2\geq c_1 >0\) such that \[ c_1|x|^p\leq (L(t)|x|^{p-2}x,x)\leq c_2|x|^p \quad\text{for all} \; t\in \mathbb {R} \; \text{and } \; x \in \mathbb {R}^n; \] (H3) \( \;\liminf_{|x|\to \infty} \frac{F(t,x)}{|x|^p}>\frac{c_2}{p} \quad\text{uniformly for a.e. } \; t\in [0,T]; \) Then problem (1) has a sequence of distinct nonconstant periodic solutions with period \(k_jT\) satisfying \(k_j\in N\) and \(k_j \to\infty\) as \(j\to \infty\).