Maslov type index theory for linear Hamiltonian systems with Bolza boundary value conditions and multiple solutions for nonlinear Hamiltonian systems (Q2493347): Difference between revisions

The classification of Hamiltonian systems of the form \(\dot {x} = JB(t)x\), \(Px(0)=0=P\dot {x}(1)\), \[ \begin{multlined} B(t) \in L_{2n}^\infty \equiv\\ \equiv \{B:(0,1) \to \text{GL}(2n)\mid B(t)= (b_{ij} (t))_{2n\times 2n},\;b_{ij}\in L^\infty (0,1),\;b_{ij} = b_{ji},\;\forall i,j =\{1,\dots,2n\}\},\end{multlined} \] \(Px = (x_1 ,\dots,x_n )^T \in \mathbb{R}^n\) for any \(x = (x_1 ,\dots,x_{2n} )^T \in \mathbb{R}^{2n}\) on the base of the Maslov type index usage is given. To any \(B \in L_{2n}^\infty \) a pair of numbers \((i(B),v(B)) \in \mathbb Z\times \{0,1,\dots,n\}\) is associated, where the nullity \(v(B)\) is the dimension of the solution space of the system. At first the definition of \(i(\lambda I_{2n})\) for any \(\lambda\in\mathbb{R}\) is given. Then for any two \(B_1,B_2\in L_{2n}^{\infty}\) with \(B_1<B_2\) the nullity \(v((1-\lambda)B_1+\lambda B_2)\) is considered and it is proved that the number of \(\lambda\in[0,1)\) with \(v((1-\lambda)B_1+\lambda B_2)\neq 0\) is finite. The relative Morse index \(I(B_1,B_2)=\sum_{\lambda\in[0,1)}v((1-\lambda)B_1+\lambda B_2)\) is defined satisfying additively properties and such that \(i(\lambda I_{2n})-I(B,\lambda I_{2n})\) is independent of \(\lambda\in\mathbb{R}\) with \(\lambda I_{2n}>B\) and is equal to \(i(B)\). In the process of the proof only spectral theory of selfadjoint compact operators is used. For the nonlinear Hamiltonian system \(\dot{x}=JH'(t,x)\), \(Px(0)=0=Px(1)\) on the base of the dual variational method and Morse theory the existence of multiple nontrivial solutions is discussed.