Character analogues of Dedekind sums and transformations of analytic Eisenstein series (Q1587532): Difference between revisions

This work is inspired by some earlier papers of \textit{B. C. Berndt} [for example in J. Reine Angew. Math. 272, 182-193 (1975; Zbl 0294.10018) and 303/304, 304-332 (1978; Zbl 0384.10011)]. One of the main objects are the Dedekind character sums \[ s^*(d,c,\chi)= \sum_{n\bmod ck} (-1)^n \chi(n) \overline{B}_1^* \biggl( \frac{dn}{c},\chi \biggr) \overline{B}_1 \biggl( \frac{n}{ck} \biggr). \] Here, \(\chi\) is a primitive character of modulus \(k\), \(c\) and \(d\) are relatively prime integers with \(c>0\), and \(\overline{B}_n^*(x,\chi)= \sum_{h=1}^{k-1} (-1)^h \overline{\chi}(h) \overline{B}_n (\frac{x+h}{k})\), where the Bernoulli functions \(\overline{B}_n(x)\) have period 1 and are equal to the Bernoulli polynomials \(B_n(x)\) for \(0\leq x<1\); in particular, \(\overline{B}_1(x)= x-\frac 12\) for \(0\leq x< 1\). A reciprocity law is proved for the Dedekind character sums. In a simple case, if \(k\) is even and if \(c\) or \(d\) is a multiple of \(k\), it reads \[ s^*(c,d,\chi)+ s^*(d,c,\overline{\chi})= -\chi(-1) \overline{B}_1^*(\chi) \overline{B}_1^* (\overline{\chi}), \] with \(\overline{B}_n^*(\chi)= \overline{B}_n^* (0,\chi)\). The Dedekind character sums and several related sums appear in transformation formulas for a family of functions, an example of which is \[ A_1(z,\chi)= \sum_{m>0} (-1)^m \chi(m)\cdot \sum_{n>k/2} \chi(n) e(mz( \tfrac nk- \tfrac 12))\cdot (n-\tfrac k2)^{-1} \] for \(\operatorname {Im}(z)> 0\). Here, as usual, \(e(z)= e^{2\pi iz}\). In a simple case, if \(k\) is even and \(V= \left(\begin{smallmatrix} a&b\\ c&d\end{smallmatrix} \right)\in \text{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z})\) with \(b\equiv c\equiv 0\pmod k\), and with the classical Gauss sum \(G(\overline{\chi})\), we have \[ G(\overline{\chi}) A_1(Vz,\chi)= \overline{\chi}(a) \chi(d) (G(\overline{\chi}) A_1(z,\chi)+ \chi(-1) \pi i\cdot s^*(d,c,\chi)). \] The ordinary Dedekind sums arise in the transformation formula for the logarithm of the Dedekind eta function, which is an infinite product. As an analogy, the functions like \(A_1(z,\chi)\) can also be written as logarithms of infinite products. These functions are specializations of a more general function \(A(z,s,\chi, (r_1,r_2),(h_1,h_2))\) which appears in a formula for the analytic Eisenstein series, which is the other main object of this paper. It is defined by \[ G(z,s,\chi, (r_1,r_2), (h_1,h_2))= \sum\chi(m) \overline{\chi}(n) e(\tfrac 1k (mh_1+nh_2))\cdot ((m+r_1) z_n+r_2)^{-s} \] for \(\operatorname {Im}(z)> 0\), \(\operatorname {Re}(s)> 2\), where the summation is on all integral pairs \((m,n)\) different from \((-r_1,-r_2)\). The transformation formula for this Eisenstein series, when \(z\) is replaced by \(Vz\), fills an entire page.