Pseudodifferential equations over non-Archimedean spaces (Q311369): Difference between revisions

The field of the \(p\)-adic numbers \(\mathbb Q_p\), defined as the completion of the field of the rational numbers \(\mathbb Q\) with respect to the \(p\)-adic norm \(|\cdot|_p\), \(p\) prime number, is a relevant example of non-Archimedean local field. One may define distributions \(u\in D'(\mathbb Q^n_p)\) and Fourier transforms \(F(u)\), and extend to this setting the basic facts of the classical analysis, see for example [\textit{S. Albeverio} et al., Theory of \(p\)-adic distributions. Linear and nonlinear models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2010; Zbl 1198.46001)]. The space \(\mathbb Q_p\) has a natural hierarchical structure, which is well adapted to physical models involving hierarchies, in mathematical physics and statistical physics, in particular concerning relaxation in glasses, macromolecules and proteins, and complex biological systems. The basic model is the fractional heat equation, defined as \(\partial u(x,t)/\partial t+(D^\lambda u)(x,t)= 0\), \(x\in \mathbb Q_p\), \(t> 0\), where \((D^\lambda f)(x)= F^{-1}(|\eta|^\lambda_p F(f))\), \(\lambda>0\). This is the \(p\)-adic counterpart of the classical parabolic equation which describes a particle performing a random motion (the Brownian motion), see [\textit{A. N. Kochubei}, Pseudo-differential equations and stochastics over non-Archimedean fields. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker (2001; Zbl 0984.11063)], [\textit{V. S. Vladimirov} et al., \(p\)-adic analysis and mathematical physics. Singapore: World Scientific (1994; Zbl 0812.46076)]. The present book reviews results in this connection and on the related setting of the adeles, and provides are more general point of view, concerning operator theory. Namely, pseudodifferential operators on \(p\)-adic numbers and adeles are defined as \[ Pu(x)= F^{-1}(|\sigma(\eta)|^\rho_p F(u)), \] the symbol \(\sigma(\eta)\) being an arbitrary polynomial, and \(\rho> 0\). Related Klein-Gordon and Schrödinger equations are studied in the previous \(p\)-adic setting. Finally, the author presents some open problems concerning non-Archimedean pseudodifferential operators connected with number theory, probability and physics. In the whole, the book provides a complete view on a new fascinating area of research.