Relative rearrangement. An estimation tool for boundary problems (Q930688): Difference between revisions

Let \(u:\Omega\to \mathbb{R}\), measurable, \(m(t)=m_u(t)=\text{measure} \{u>t\}\), and \(u_*(s)=\text{Inf}\{t\in \mathbb{R},m(t)\leq s\}\), \(s\in\Omega_*\), \(\overline\Omega_*= [0,|\Omega|]\). \(u_*(s)\): decreasing rearrangement (RA) of \(u\). Next \[ F(t,u)=ts +\int_\Omega(u-t)_+ \,dx, \qquad F(u_*(s),u)=\int_{[0,s]}u_*(\sigma)\,d\sigma. \] \(F'(\cdot,u;v)= \lim_{\lambda\to 0,\lambda>0}\{(F(\cdot,u+\lambda v)-F(\cdot,u))/ \lambda\}\), and \(v_{*u}(s)=(d/ds)F'(\cdot,u;v)\). \(v_{*u}(s)\): relative RA of \(v\) with respect to \(u\). \(v_{*u}(s)\) from \(F(u_*(s),u):dw(s)/ds\), corrected part. \[ w(s)=\int_{\{u>u^*(s)\}}v(x)\,dx+\int_{[0,s-|u>u^* (s)|]}(v|_{\{u=u^*(s)\}})_* (\sigma)\,d\sigma. \] The RA makes it possible to give estimates having various properties. The author applies them to the boundary value problems of PDEs relating to plasma physics. The PDEs are described as the equilibrium equation \(-\Delta u(x)=G(u,u_*, u_*',b_{*u})\) etc. We would like to show the main theorems in (I)--(III). (I) In Chapter 5, the author studies the Neumann problem \((P_N)\): Let \(f\in L^{p'}(\Omega)\) with mean zero, \(u\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)\), \(-\text{div} (\widehat a(x,u,\nabla u))=f\) in \(\Omega\), and \(\widehat a(\nabla u)\cdot\vec n(x)=0\) on \(\partial\Omega\), \(\widehat a(x,u,\nabla u) \equiv\widehat a(\nabla u)\). The corresponding variational problem \((P_{vN}):\int_\Omega\widehat a(\nabla u)\cdot\nabla\varphi\,dx= \int_\Omega f\varphi\) for \(\forall\varphi\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)\). Let \(v= |u|\), \(F(s)\equiv\int_{0,s]}|f|_{*v}(\sigma)\,d\sigma\), \(\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^N\) and \(|\Omega|=\text{meas}(\Omega)\). Theorem 5.3.1. All variational solution \(u\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)\) of \((P_{vN})\) satisfies the inequalities \(1-3\) for almost all \(s\): 1. \((\widehat a(\nabla u)\cdot \nabla u)_{*v}(s)\leq-v_*'(s)F(s)\). 2. \(|\nabla v|_{*v}(s)\leq[(Q/ \alpha)\cdot\max (s,|\Omega|-s)^{(1-N)/N}\cdot F(s)]^{1/(p-1)}\). 3. \(-v_*'(s)\leq[(Q/ \alpha^{1/p})\cdot\max(s,|\Omega|-s)^{(1-N)/N}]^{p'}\cdot F(s)^{1/(p-1)}\). (II) Theorem 8.2.4. \(b_1(x)\), \(b_2(x)\in L^\infty(\Omega)\). There exists \(u\in H^1_0(\Omega)\cap W^{2,p}(\Omega)\), \(p\in[1,\infty)\) such that \(-\Delta u=F(x; [b_1 \Phi_1(\nabla u)]_{*u}(|u>u(\cdot)|)\), \(u_*'(|u>u(\cdot)|)\), \(u_*',[b_2 \Phi_2(\nabla u)]_{*u})\). Here \(|\Phi_j(\xi)|\leq c_1|\xi|\), for \(\forall\xi \in R^N\), \(j=1,2\). \(F(x;X):\Omega\times L^1(\Omega)^2\times L^1(\Omega_*)^2\to (\omega,\infty)\), \(\varepsilon>0\), bounded. \(x\in \Omega\to F(x;X)\) measurable, \(F(x;X_n)\to F(x;X)\) as \(X_n\to X\). (III) Let \(u(t,x)\): \((0,T)\times\Omega \to R\) measurable, and \(u_*(t,s) =u(t)_*(s)\). Let \(b,u\in L^1((0,T)\times \Omega)\), and \(b_{*u}(t,s)= b(t)_{*u(t)}(s)\). In Chapter 9, the author studies the chemotaxis system (Ch) by using RA. (Ch): \(\partial_tu=\text{div}(\nabla u-\overline\chi u\nabla v)\) and \(0=\Delta v-\gamma v+\alpha u\) in \(Q_T=(0,T)\times \Omega\), and \(u(0,x)=u_0\geq 0\) in \(\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^N\). \(\overline\chi, \gamma,\alpha\) are positive constants. Theorem 9.5.1. Suppose that \(u_0 \in W_0^{1,p} (\Omega)\), \(p>N\). There exist a time \(T_{\max}>0\), and a unique solution \((u,v)\) of (Ch), satisfying (1) and (2): {\parindent=7mm \begin{itemize}\item[(1)] \(u>0\), \(v>0\) in \((0,T_{\max}) \times\Omega\), \item[(2)] \(u\in C([0, T_{\max});W_0^{1,p}(\Omega))\cap C^1 ([0,T_{\max});\) \(L^p (\Omega)),\;u(t)\in W^{2,p}(\Omega)\) for \(0<t<T_{\max}\), and \(v\in C((0,T_{\max});W^{2,p}(\Omega)\cap W_0^{1,p}(\Omega))\). \end{itemize}} Theorem 9.5.2. \(T_{\max}=\infty\) holds in the cases \((1)-(3)\). (1) \(N=1\). (2) \(N=2\), \(\alpha \overline\chi|u_0|_1<8\pi\). (3) \(N\geq 3\), \(\alpha\overline\chi|u_0|_{\text{LN}} <N\alpha_N^{2/N}| \Omega|^{1/N}\). Exercises and indications how to solve them can be found in Chapters 10--11.