Intuitive and counterintuitive energy flux (Q1766888): Difference between revisions
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English | Intuitive and counterintuitive energy flux |
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Intuitive and counterintuitive energy flux (English)
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2 March 2005
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The author considers the estimation of flux and absolute flux of energy across hypersurfaces for regular solutions to heat, wave and Schrödinger equations in \(\mathbb{R}_t \times \mathbb{R}^{d}_x\), \(d \geq 1\). The main result is that the absolute flux of energy across hypersurfaces is as large as one wants compared to the total energy. As is well-known, the regular solutions of the wave equation \(u_{tt}-\Delta_x u=0\) satisfy the conservation law \(\partial_t e(t,x)+\nabla_x \cdot f(t,x)=0\), and hence, \(E(t)=E(0)\), where \(e(t,x)\) is the energy density: \(e(t,x)=\frac12 (| u_t |^2+| \nabla_x u |^2)\), \(f(t,x)\) is the flux of energy: \(f(t,x)=\Re (\overline{u}_t\nabla_x u)\), and \(E(t)\) is the total energy: \(E(t)=\int_{\mathbb{R}^{d}_x} e(t,x) \, dx\). Then he proves that for any \(\mu>0\) and large \(N\), \[ \int_{[0,\mu]\times \{x_1=0\}} \left| \Re \left(\overline{u_t} \frac{\partial u}{\partial x_1}\right) \right| \,dt\, dx_2 \cdots d x_d \geq N E(0) \tag{1} \] holds provided that \(d \geq 2\). Inequality (1) implies that the absolute value of flux across the hyperplane \(\{x_1=0\}\) during the time \(t \in [0,\mu]\) is as large as we want compared to the total energy. In the case when \(d=1\), (1) never occurs. Namely, each solution \(u(t,x)\) of a wave equation in \(\mathbb{R}_t \times \mathbb{R}_x\) satisfies \[ \int^{+\infty}_{-\infty} \left| \Re \left(\overline{u_t(t,0)} u_x(t,0) \right) \right| \,dx \leq E(0). \tag{2} \] As to the Schrödinger equation, the similar results are obtained. Contrary to these equations, the nonnegative solution of heat equation \(u_t-\Delta_xu=0\) with initial data \(u(0,x)=d\mu\) (finite Borel measure) always satisfies \[ \int^{+\infty}_{0} \int_{\{x_1=0\}}\left| \frac{\partial u}{\partial x_1} \right| \, dt\,dx^{\prime} \leq \frac12 \int_{\mathbb{R}^d}d | \text{sgn} (x_1) \mu |(x), \quad x^{\prime}=(x_2,\cdots,x_d), \] which implies that the absolute flux never exeeds one half of the energy. This extends the result of \textit{F. W. Gehring} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 94, 337--364 (1960; Zbl 0090.07703)] concernig with the 1-dimensional heat equation to any dimension \(d \geq 2\).
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heat, wave and Schrödinger equations
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absolute flux across hypersurfaces
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