Abstract theory of universal series and an application to Dirichlet series (Q2574127): Difference between revisions

The authors present an abstract theory of universal series. They consider a vector space \(X\) over the field \(K = R\) (the real line) or \(\mathbb{C}\) (the complex plane), endowed with a metric \(\rho\) compatible with the operations \(+, \, \cdot\) and invariant under translations, as well as a fixed sequence \((x_n)_0^\infty\) of elements of \(X\). By definition, a sequence \(a = (a_n)_0^\infty \in K^{N_0}\) (\(N_0 = \{0,1,2, \dots \} = N \cup \{0\}\)) belongs to the class \(U\) (the ``universal'' sequences) if the sequence \((\sum_{j=0}^n a_jx_j)_{n=0}^\infty\) is dense in \(X\). Let \(A\) be a vector subspace of \(K^{N_0}\), endowed with a complete metric \(d\) compatible with \(+\) and \(\cdot\) and invariant under translations. It is assumed that all projections \(a \in A \mapsto a_m \in K\) \((m \in N_0)\) are continuous and that the set of \(a \in K^{N_0}\) with almost all terms equal to zero is a dense subset of \(A\). By definition, a sequence \(a \in A\) belongs to the class \(U_A\), if for every \(x \in X\), there exists a sequence \((\lambda_n)_1^\infty \subset N\) such that \(\sum_{j=0}^{\lambda_n} a_jx_j \to x\) and \(\sum_{j=0}^{\lambda_n} a_je_j \to a\) \((n \to \infty )\), where \(e_n\) is the \(n\)th canonical element of \(K^{N_0}\). So \(U_A \subset U \cap A\). The main result of this paper is the equivalence of the following conditions: (1) \(U_A \neq \emptyset\); (2) for every \(p \in N\), \(x \in X\) and \(\varepsilon > 0\), there exist \(M \geq p\) and \(\beta_p, \beta_{p+1},\dots ,\beta_M\) such that \(\rho (\sum_{j=p}^M \beta_j x_j, x) < \varepsilon\) and \(d(\sum_{j=p}^M \beta_j e_j,0) < \varepsilon\); (3) for every \(x \in X\) and \(\varepsilon > 0\), there exist \(M \in N\) and \(\beta_0, \beta_1,\dots ,\beta_M\) such that \(\rho (\sum_{j=0}^M \beta_j x_j, x) < \varepsilon\) and \(d(\sum_{j=0}^M \beta_j e_j, 0) < \varepsilon\); (4) \(U_A\) is dense and \(G_\delta\) in \(A\). Many known results about universality can be proved or strengthened by using the last equivalence, including a number of statements on universal Taylor series on spaces of analytic functions. Finally, an application to universal series in the space of Dirichlet series absolutely convergent in a half-plane is given, so connecting with a recent algebraic genericity result due to F.~Bayart.