Algebras with bracket (Q813271): Difference between revisions

The paper introduces a new algebraic structure, called an \textsl{algebra with bracket} (AWB), namely an associative algebra \(A\) equipped with a bracket \(A\otimes A\to A\) satisfying only the relation \([a.b,c]=[a,c].b+a.[b,c]\). A \textsl{representation} of an AWB \(A\) is defined to be a bimodule over \(M\) with right and left bracket actions of \(A\) on \(M\) consistent with the bracket map on \(A\); this is seen to make the category of AWB representations of \(A\) isomorphic to the (standard) category of left \(\Phi(A)\)-modules, where \(\Phi(A)\) is a suitably defined associative algebra, containing four generators for each element of \(A\), and additional relations to incorporate the bracket structure of \(A\). The main result in the paper is that the AWB operad is Koszul (see \textit{V. Ginzburg} and \textit{M. Kapranov} [Duke Math. J. 76, No. 1, 203--272 (1994; Zbl 0855.18006)] for the notion of Koszul on operads). The author gives several examples of AWBs, including (noncommutative) Poisson algebras, the tautolgical example of the commutator, constructions from dendriform algebras as well mentioning that AWBs arise in connection with physics. For any vector space \(V\) over a field \(K\), let \({\mathcal F}(V)=\bigoplus_{N\geq 1}K[D_n]\otimes V^{\otimes n}\) where \(D_n\) denotes the set of \textsl{decorated trees} \(T_n\cup T_n^*\), two copies of the set of all planar rooted trees with \(n\) leaves. The dot product on decorated trees makes \({\mathcal F}(V)\) into an associative algebra, and using the grafting operation on trees, it is shown how to define an AWB structure, which makes \({\mathcal F}(V)\) into a free AWB. The authors explicitly define a cohomology \(H_{\text{AWB}}^*(A,M)\) for any AWB \(A\) with representation \(M\), verify that it coincides with the Quillen cohomology of \(A\) with coefficients in \(M\) (according to the definition which Quillen gave for general algebraic objects, applied to the case of AWB), and show how it is related to the Hochschild cohomology, discussing in detail the low dimensional cohomology groups. The AWB operad is seen to be quadratic; following [\textit{J.-L. Loday} Dialgebras. Dialgebras and related operads. Berlin: Springer. Lect. Notes Math. 1763, 7--66 (2001; Zbl 0999.17002)], the structure of algebras over the dual operad is given explicitly and this leads to a simple proof of the main result of the paper, that the AWB operad is Koszul.