Oscillation criteria for first and second order forced difference equations with mixed nonlinearities (Q2473242): Difference between revisions

The authors study the following difference equations \[ \Delta{x}(n)+p(n)x(n+1)+q_1(n)x^{\lambda}(n+1)=q_2(n)x^{\mu}(n+1)+e(n), \] and \[ \Delta(a(n)(\Delta{x}(n))^{\alpha})+p(n)x(n+1)+q_1(n)x^{\lambda}(n+1)=q_2(n)x^{\mu} (n+1)+e(n), \] where \(a(n)\), \(p(n)\), \(q_1(n)\), \(q_2(n)\) and \(e(n)\) are real numbers, \(n=0,1,2,\ldots\); \(\alpha\), \(\lambda\), \(\mu\) are ratios of positive odd numbers with \(0<\mu<1\), \(1<\lambda\). Easily verifiable oscillation criteria are proved. The obtained results are extended to some neutral difference equations. It is emphasized that the forcing term \(e(n)\) plays an important role for generating oscillations. The boundedness of solutions is also studied. The proofs are based on two inequalities from the classical ``Inequalities'' by \textit{G.H. Hardy, J.E. Littlewood} and \textit{G. Pólya} [Cambridge: Univ. Press. XII (1934; Zbl 0010.10703)]: \[ \begin{aligned} &X^{\lambda}-\lambda XY^{\lambda-1}+(\lambda-1)Y^{\lambda}\geq0 \quad \text{ for all }\;\lambda>1,\\ &X^{\mu}-\mu XY^{\mu-1}-(1-\mu)Y^{\mu}\leq0 \quad \text{ for all }\;0<\mu<1. \end{aligned} \] where \(X\) and \(Y\) are positive reals. Equality holds if and only if \(X=Y\). Six illustrative examples are given.