Semi-direct products of Lie algebras and their invariants (Q945595): Difference between revisions

Let \(G\) be a connected reductive algebraic group over an algebraically closed field \(k\) of characteristic zero, and let \(\mathfrak{g}\) be its Lie algebra. The adjoint representation has many useful properties, five of which are: (a) it is self-dual with a generic stabilizer \(\mathfrak{t},\) where \(\mathfrak{t}\) is a Cartan subalgebra; (b) \(k[ \mathfrak{g}] ^{G},\) the algebra of invariants, is a polynomial algebra; (c) the restriction map \(k[ \mathfrak{g}] \to k[ \mathfrak{t}] \) induces an isomorphism \(k[ \mathfrak{g}] ^{G}\cong k[ \mathfrak{t} ] ^{\mathsf{W}}\) where \(\mathsf{W}\) is the Weyl group corresponding to \(\mathfrak{t};\) (d) \(\mathcal{N}:=\pi_{G}^{-1}( \pi_{G}( 0) ) \) is an irreducible complete intersection, where \(\pi_{G} :\mathfrak{g}\to \mathfrak{g}//G\) is the quotient homomorphism; and (e) \(\mathcal{N}\) is the union of finitely many \(G\)-orbits. These properties (``good properties'' in the paper) do not hold for an arbitrary Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{q},\) one difficulty being that since the adjoint representation ad is not self dual we must also consider the coadjoint ad\(^{\ast}.\) Let \(Q\) be a connected group with Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{q}.\) In the work under review, the author considers cases where \(( \mathfrak{q} ,\text{ad}) \) or \(( \mathfrak{q},\text{ad}^{\ast}) \) have some good properties and \(V\) is a finite dimensional rational \(Q\)-module. Then one can form the Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{q}\ltimes V\) corresponding to the connected algebraic group \(Q\ltimes V,\) and determine if the good properties are preserved. Some of these cases are investigated and the main results are presented below. For \(V\) an arbitrary \(G\)-module \(\mathfrak{g},G\) as above, let \(\mathfrak{q}=\mathfrak{g}\ltimes V\), \(Q=G\ltimes V,\) and \(\mathfrak{t}\) a Cartan subalgebra of \(\mathfrak{g}\) Then \(k[ \mathfrak{q}] ^{1\ltimes V}\) is a polynomial algebra of Krull dimension \(\dim\mathfrak{g+}\dim V^{\mathfrak{t}},\) \(k[ \mathfrak{q}] ^{Q}\) is a polynomial algebra of Krull dimension \(\dim\mathfrak{t}+\dim V^{\mathfrak{t}},\) \(\dim Q\cdot x\leq\dim\mathfrak{q}-\dim\mathfrak{q}//Q\) with equality for some \(x\in\mathfrak{q},\) and \(\mathfrak{q}\backslash\{ x\in\mathfrak{q}\mid d\pi_{x}\text{ is onto}\} \) contains no divisors, where \(\pi:\mathfrak{q}\to \mathfrak{q}//Q\) is the quotient map. Generators are given for both polynomial algebras. Suppose \(V\) is a \(Q\)-module such that \(k[ V] ^{Q}\) is a polynomial algebra, \(\dim Q\cdot v\leq\dim V-\dim V//Q\) with equality for some \(v\in V,\) and \(V\backslash\{ v\in V\mid( d\pi _{Q}) _{v}\text{ is onto}\} \) contains no divisors, where \(\pi_{Q}:V\to V//Q\) is the quotient map. Let \(\hat {\mathfrak{q}}=\mathfrak{q}\ltimes \mathfrak{q},\) \(\hat{Q}=Q\ltimes\mathfrak{q},\) and \(\hat{V}=V\ltimes V\) (i.e. the space \(V\times V\) viewed as a \(\mathfrak{q}\ltimes \mathfrak{q}\)-module). Then \(k[ \hat{V}] ^{1\ltimes\mathfrak{q}}\) is a polynomial algebra of Krull dimension \(\dim V+\dim V//Q,\;k[ \hat{V}] ^{\hat{Q}}\) is a polynomial algebra of Krull dimension \(2\dim V//Q,\) and the \(\hat{Q}\)-module \(\hat{V}\) satisfies the same properties that the \(Q\)-module \(V\) does above (``conditions (1)-(3)''). Again, generators are given for both polynomial algebras. Suppose \(V\) is a \(G\)-module which satisfies conditions (1)-(3) above. Suppose further that \(\mathcal{N}( V) :=\pi_{G}^{-1}( \pi _{G}( 0) ) \) consists of finitely many \(G\)-orbits, is irreducible, and has only rational singularities. Then \(\mathcal{N}( \hat{V}) \) is an irreducible complete intersection, \(\pi_{\hat{G}}\) is equidimensional, and \(k[ \hat{V}] \) is a free \(k[ \hat {V}] ^{\hat{G}}\)-module.