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Let \(D\) be a knot diagram with one or more crossings, and let \(c(D)\) the number of crossings of \(D\). It is well-known that by changing over/under information at some crossings of \(D\) we obtain a diagram of the trivial knot. Let \(u(D)\) be the minimal number of such crossing changes. For a knot \(K\), the crossing number \(c(K)\) and the unknotting number \(u(K)\) are the minima of \(c(D)\) and \(u(D)\), where \(D\) is taken over all diagrams of \(K\). As it is well-known, the inequalities \(u(D) \leq (c(D)-1)/2\) and \(u(K) \leq (c(K)-1)/2\) hold. \textit{K. Taniyama} [J. Knot Theory Ramifications 18, No. 8, 1049--1063 (2009; Zbl 1180.57016)] showed that if the equality \(u(D) = (c(D)-1)/2\) holds, then \(D\) is the closure of a positive (negative) \(2\)-braid, and hence, if the equality \(u(K) = (c(K)-1)/2\) holds, then \(K\) is a \((2,r)\)-torus knot for some odd integer \(r \neq \pm1\). In the paper under review, Theorem 2.12 states that \(u(D) = (c(D)-2)/2\) holds for a reduced knot diagram \(D\) if and only if \(D\) is the diagram of the figure-eight knot with four crossings, the closure of a positive (negative) \(3\)-braid, or the connected sum of two closures of positive or negative \(2\)-braids. Hence, if \(u(K)=(c(K)-2)/2\) for a knot \(K\), then \(K\) has a knot diagram as above and is of braid index \(3\). In Figure 8, the suffix numbers \(1,2,3\) of \(a\) should be \(i,j,k\) with \(i<j<k\). Reviewer's remark: According to one of the authors, Ryo Hanaki, the proof has a gap in line 3 page 531 concerning Figure 8 and he has a proof filling it in his brain. Let \(D\) be a knot diagram, and \(H\) a square in the projection plane such that \(H\) intersects \(D\) in a single pair of opposite edges. Then the deformation obtaining \((D - H) \cup (\partial H - D)\) from \(D\) is called a band-move. The band-unknotting number \(u_b(K)\) of a knot \(K\) is the minimal number of band-moves to deform a diagram of \(K\) into that of the unknot by Reidemeister moves and band-moves. It is shown that, if \(u_b(K)=1\) for a twist knot \(K\), then \(K=3_1, 5_2, 6_1\) or \(7_2\) up to mirror images. \textit{K. Taniyama} and \textit{A. Yasuhara} [Kobe J. Math. 11, No. 1, 117--127 (1994; Zbl 0846.57007)] showed that \(u_b(K) \leq c(K)/2\) for every knot \(K\). The paper under review shows that, if \(u_b(K)= c(K)/2\), then \(K\) is the trivial knot or the figure-eight knot. To show this, the inequality \(u_b(K) \leq u(K) + 1\) is used. | |||
Property / review text: Let \(D\) be a knot diagram with one or more crossings, and let \(c(D)\) the number of crossings of \(D\). It is well-known that by changing over/under information at some crossings of \(D\) we obtain a diagram of the trivial knot. Let \(u(D)\) be the minimal number of such crossing changes. For a knot \(K\), the crossing number \(c(K)\) and the unknotting number \(u(K)\) are the minima of \(c(D)\) and \(u(D)\), where \(D\) is taken over all diagrams of \(K\). As it is well-known, the inequalities \(u(D) \leq (c(D)-1)/2\) and \(u(K) \leq (c(K)-1)/2\) hold. \textit{K. Taniyama} [J. Knot Theory Ramifications 18, No. 8, 1049--1063 (2009; Zbl 1180.57016)] showed that if the equality \(u(D) = (c(D)-1)/2\) holds, then \(D\) is the closure of a positive (negative) \(2\)-braid, and hence, if the equality \(u(K) = (c(K)-1)/2\) holds, then \(K\) is a \((2,r)\)-torus knot for some odd integer \(r \neq \pm1\). In the paper under review, Theorem 2.12 states that \(u(D) = (c(D)-2)/2\) holds for a reduced knot diagram \(D\) if and only if \(D\) is the diagram of the figure-eight knot with four crossings, the closure of a positive (negative) \(3\)-braid, or the connected sum of two closures of positive or negative \(2\)-braids. Hence, if \(u(K)=(c(K)-2)/2\) for a knot \(K\), then \(K\) has a knot diagram as above and is of braid index \(3\). In Figure 8, the suffix numbers \(1,2,3\) of \(a\) should be \(i,j,k\) with \(i<j<k\). Reviewer's remark: According to one of the authors, Ryo Hanaki, the proof has a gap in line 3 page 531 concerning Figure 8 and he has a proof filling it in his brain. Let \(D\) be a knot diagram, and \(H\) a square in the projection plane such that \(H\) intersects \(D\) in a single pair of opposite edges. Then the deformation obtaining \((D - H) \cup (\partial H - D)\) from \(D\) is called a band-move. The band-unknotting number \(u_b(K)\) of a knot \(K\) is the minimal number of band-moves to deform a diagram of \(K\) into that of the unknot by Reidemeister moves and band-moves. It is shown that, if \(u_b(K)=1\) for a twist knot \(K\), then \(K=3_1, 5_2, 6_1\) or \(7_2\) up to mirror images. \textit{K. Taniyama} and \textit{A. Yasuhara} [Kobe J. Math. 11, No. 1, 117--127 (1994; Zbl 0846.57007)] showed that \(u_b(K) \leq c(K)/2\) for every knot \(K\). The paper under review shows that, if \(u_b(K)= c(K)/2\), then \(K\) is the trivial knot or the figure-eight knot. To show this, the inequality \(u_b(K) \leq u(K) + 1\) is used. / rank | |||
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Property / reviewed by | |||
Property / reviewed by: Chuichiro Hayashi / rank | |||
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Property / Mathematics Subject Classification ID | |||
Property / Mathematics Subject Classification ID: 57M25 / rank | |||
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Property / Mathematics Subject Classification ID | |||
Property / Mathematics Subject Classification ID: 57M15 / rank | |||
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Property / zbMATH DE Number | |||
Property / zbMATH DE Number: 6060698 / rank | |||
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Property / zbMATH Keywords | |||
unknotting number | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: unknotting number / rank | |||
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Property / zbMATH Keywords | |||
unknotting number of a knot diagram | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: unknotting number of a knot diagram / rank | |||
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Property / zbMATH Keywords | |||
crossing change | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: crossing change / rank | |||
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Property / zbMATH Keywords | |||
braid index | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: braid index / rank | |||
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Property / zbMATH Keywords | |||
positive braid | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: positive braid / rank | |||
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Property / zbMATH Keywords | |||
band-move | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: band-move / rank | |||
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Property / zbMATH Keywords | |||
H(2)-move | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: H(2)-move / rank | |||
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Property / zbMATH Keywords | |||
band-unknotting number | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: band-unknotting number / rank | |||
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Property / zbMATH Keywords | |||
twist knot | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: twist knot / rank | |||
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Property / MaRDI profile type | |||
Property / MaRDI profile type: MaRDI publication profile / rank | |||
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Property / cites work | |||
Property / cites work: A note on knots with \(\mathrm{H}(2)\)-unknotting number one / rank | |||
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Property / cites work | |||
Property / cites work: A note on unknotting number / rank | |||
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Property / cites work: Applications of Donaldson's theorems to classical knot concordance, homology 3-spheres and property P / rank | |||
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links / mardi / name | links / mardi / name | ||
Latest revision as of 12:40, 5 July 2024
scientific article
Language | Label | Description | Also known as |
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English | The unknotting number and band-unknotting number of a knot |
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Statements
The unknotting number and band-unknotting number of a knot (English)
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28 July 2012
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Let \(D\) be a knot diagram with one or more crossings, and let \(c(D)\) the number of crossings of \(D\). It is well-known that by changing over/under information at some crossings of \(D\) we obtain a diagram of the trivial knot. Let \(u(D)\) be the minimal number of such crossing changes. For a knot \(K\), the crossing number \(c(K)\) and the unknotting number \(u(K)\) are the minima of \(c(D)\) and \(u(D)\), where \(D\) is taken over all diagrams of \(K\). As it is well-known, the inequalities \(u(D) \leq (c(D)-1)/2\) and \(u(K) \leq (c(K)-1)/2\) hold. \textit{K. Taniyama} [J. Knot Theory Ramifications 18, No. 8, 1049--1063 (2009; Zbl 1180.57016)] showed that if the equality \(u(D) = (c(D)-1)/2\) holds, then \(D\) is the closure of a positive (negative) \(2\)-braid, and hence, if the equality \(u(K) = (c(K)-1)/2\) holds, then \(K\) is a \((2,r)\)-torus knot for some odd integer \(r \neq \pm1\). In the paper under review, Theorem 2.12 states that \(u(D) = (c(D)-2)/2\) holds for a reduced knot diagram \(D\) if and only if \(D\) is the diagram of the figure-eight knot with four crossings, the closure of a positive (negative) \(3\)-braid, or the connected sum of two closures of positive or negative \(2\)-braids. Hence, if \(u(K)=(c(K)-2)/2\) for a knot \(K\), then \(K\) has a knot diagram as above and is of braid index \(3\). In Figure 8, the suffix numbers \(1,2,3\) of \(a\) should be \(i,j,k\) with \(i<j<k\). Reviewer's remark: According to one of the authors, Ryo Hanaki, the proof has a gap in line 3 page 531 concerning Figure 8 and he has a proof filling it in his brain. Let \(D\) be a knot diagram, and \(H\) a square in the projection plane such that \(H\) intersects \(D\) in a single pair of opposite edges. Then the deformation obtaining \((D - H) \cup (\partial H - D)\) from \(D\) is called a band-move. The band-unknotting number \(u_b(K)\) of a knot \(K\) is the minimal number of band-moves to deform a diagram of \(K\) into that of the unknot by Reidemeister moves and band-moves. It is shown that, if \(u_b(K)=1\) for a twist knot \(K\), then \(K=3_1, 5_2, 6_1\) or \(7_2\) up to mirror images. \textit{K. Taniyama} and \textit{A. Yasuhara} [Kobe J. Math. 11, No. 1, 117--127 (1994; Zbl 0846.57007)] showed that \(u_b(K) \leq c(K)/2\) for every knot \(K\). The paper under review shows that, if \(u_b(K)= c(K)/2\), then \(K\) is the trivial knot or the figure-eight knot. To show this, the inequality \(u_b(K) \leq u(K) + 1\) is used.
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unknotting number
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unknotting number of a knot diagram
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crossing change
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braid index
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positive braid
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band-move
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H(2)-move
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band-unknotting number
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twist knot
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