Congruences on the Bell polynomials and the derangement polynomials (Q1937303): Difference between revisions

After having recalled the derangement polynomials \(D_m(x)\) studied by \textit{N. Eriksen} et al. [Electron. J. Comb. 16, No. 1, R32, 19 p. (2009; Zbl 1181.05003)], by \textit{Yidong Sun} and \textit{J. Zhuang} [Electron. J. Comb. 17, No. 1, R169, 17 p. (2010; Zbl 1204.05008)] and subject to the recursion \[ D_m(x)=mD_{m-1}(x)+(x-1)^m, \] the authors clarify the aim to generalize the congruences supplied by \textit{Z. Sun} and \textit{D. Zagier} [Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 84, No. 1, 153--158 (2011; Zbl 1257.11024)]. In particular, starting from the Sun-Zagier's formula \[ \sum_{k=1}^{p-1} \frac{B_k}{(-m)^k} \equiv (-1)^{m-1} D_{m-1} \pmod{p}, \] the authors establish the more general congruence \[ \sum_{j=0}^{n} s(n,j) \sum_{k=1}^{p-1} \frac{B_{j+k}}{(-m)^k} \equiv (-1)^{m+n-1} D_{m+n-1} \pmod{p}, \] where \(B_k\) are the Bell numbers and \(s(n,j)\) are the first kind Stirling numbers illustrated, e.g., by \textit{R. P. Stanley} [Enumerative combinatorics. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1997; Zbl 0889.05001)]. Further congruences, also involving the second kind Stirling numbers explored by \textit{L. Comtet} [Advanced combinatorics. Rev. and enlarged ed. Dordrecht etc.: D. Reidel Publishing Company (1974; Zbl 0283.05001)], are presented together with some remarks about similarities and differences with the works of \textit{M. Z. Spivey} [J. Integer Seq. 11, No. 2, 08.2.5, 3 p. (2008; Zbl 1231.11026)], of \textit{H. W. Gould} and \textit{J. Quaintance} [J. Integer Seq. 11, No. 3, 08.3.7, 6 p. (2008; Zbl 1204.11054)], of \textit{H. Belbachir} and \textit{M. Mihoubi} [Eur. J. Comb. 30, No. 5, 1254--1256 (2009; Zbl 1187.05007)], of \textit{A. Gertsch} and \textit{A. M. Robert} [Bull. Belg. Math. Soc. - Simon Stevin 3, No. 4, 467--475 (1996; Zbl 0869.11017)] and from \textit{J. Touchard} [Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles A 53, 21--31 (1933; Zbl 0006.29102)]. Beyond the Wilson's congruence, the Lagrange's congruence, the Fermat's congruence and an identity given by \textit{Y. Sun} and \textit{X. Wu} [Eur. J. Comb. 32, No. 3, 369--382 (2011; Zbl 1290.05020)] and by \textit{F. R. Bernhart} [Discrete Math. 204, No. 1--3, 73--112 (1999; Zbl 0933.05002)], the proof widely employs the umbral calculus investigated by \textit{I. M. Gessel} [Algebra Univers. 49, No. 4, 397--434 (2003; Zbl 1092.05005)], by \textit{S. M. Roman} and \textit{G.-C. Rota} [Adv. Math. 27, 95-188 (1978; Zbl 0375.05007)] and by \textit{S. Roman} [The umbral calculus. Orlando, Florida, etc.: Academic Press (1984; Zbl 0536.33001)].