Fusion systems and amalgams. (Q358871): Difference between revisions

One of the important features of saturated fusion systems \(\mathcal F\) is that morphisms are controlled by morphisms of essential subgroups. So if \(\mathcal F\) is a fusion system on a \(p\)-group \(S\) the search for possible essential subgroups is important. An essential subgroup is a centric fully normalized subgroup \(E\) of \(S\) such that \(\text{Out}_{\mathcal F}(E)\) contains a strongly \(p\)-embedded subgroup. In this paper the prime \(p\) is always 2 and the paper deals will the easiest case that \(|N_S(E):E|= 2\). More precisely the following situations are considered. There are two essential subgroups \(E_1\), \(E_2\) such that \(|N_S(E_i):E_i|=2\) and either \(E_1\sim E_2\) in \(S\) or both \(E_1\) and \(E_2\) are normal in \(S\). Then the main idea of the paper is to relate this situation to a \((p_1,p_2)\)-amalgam (\(p_1,p_2\) primes) and then use the results of \textit{D. M. Goldschmidt} [Ann. Math. (2) 111, 377-406 (1980; Zbl 0475.05043)] and \textit{P. S. Fan} [J. Algebra 98, 375-421 (1986; Zbl 0581.20043)] to describe \(S\) and parts of the fusion system \(\mathcal F\) (Theorem 4.5. 4.6). Afterwards this is a applied to determine the saturated reduced (i.e. \(O_p(\mathcal F)=1\), \(O^p(\mathcal F)=\mathcal F=O^{p'}(\mathcal F)\)) fusion systems on 2-groups of order at most 32 and determine the 2-subgroups of order 64 which might lead to a reduced indecomposible fusion system over \(S\).