Normal tori in \(\sharp_n(S^2\times S^1)\) (Q390815): Difference between revisions
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Let \(M=\sharp_n (S^2\times S^1)\), this is a compact orientable 3-manifold whose fundamental group is the free group \(F_n\). A 2-sphere in \(M\) is essential if it does not bound a 3-ball. Let \(\Sigma\) be a maximal sphere system for \(M\), that is, \(\Sigma\) is a collection of disjointly embedded essential spheres in \(M\) such that every complementary component \(P\) of \(\Sigma\) in \(M\) is a 3-punctured 3-sphere. Let \(T\) be a torus embedded in \(M\); it is essential if the image of \(\pi_1(T)\) in \(\pi_1(M)\) is nontrivial. It is said that \(T\) is in normal form with respect to \(\Sigma\), if their intersection is transverse and for each \(P\), the intersection of \(T\) with \(P\) consists of essential disks in \(P\), cylinders joining two different components of \(\partial P\), or pants joining the 3 components of \(\partial P\). The main result of the paper shows that if \(T\) is an essential torus in \(M\), then it is homotopic to a torus in normal form, and the homotopy process does not increase the number of curves of intersection with any sphere of \(\Sigma\). It is also shown that if \(T\) and \(T'\) are two homotopic normal tori, then they are normally homotopic, that is, there is a homotopy between them that does not increase the number of intersections with any sphere of \(\Sigma\). It follows that if \(T\) is in normal form with respect to \(\Sigma\), then the intersection number of \(T\) with any sphere \(S\) in \(\Sigma\) is minimal among the representatives of the homotopy class of \(T\) in each \(P\). These results generalize previous results of \textit{A. E. Hatcher} [Comment. Math. Helv. 70, No. 1, 39--62 (1995; Zbl 0836.57003)] for normal forms of spheres. These results have potential applications in the study of Out(\(F_n\)), for it is known that there is a \(1-1\) correspondence between the homotopy classes of essential imbedded tori in \(M\) and the equivalence classes of \(\mathbb{Z}\)-splittings of \(F_n\), namely, if the torus is separating it corresponds to an amalgamated free product, and if the torus is non-separating it corresponds to an HNN extension of \(F_n\) [\textit{M. Clay, F. Gültepe} and \textit{K. Rafi}, ``Essential tori and the Dehn twists of the free group'', in preparation]. | |||
Property / review text: Let \(M=\sharp_n (S^2\times S^1)\), this is a compact orientable 3-manifold whose fundamental group is the free group \(F_n\). A 2-sphere in \(M\) is essential if it does not bound a 3-ball. Let \(\Sigma\) be a maximal sphere system for \(M\), that is, \(\Sigma\) is a collection of disjointly embedded essential spheres in \(M\) such that every complementary component \(P\) of \(\Sigma\) in \(M\) is a 3-punctured 3-sphere. Let \(T\) be a torus embedded in \(M\); it is essential if the image of \(\pi_1(T)\) in \(\pi_1(M)\) is nontrivial. It is said that \(T\) is in normal form with respect to \(\Sigma\), if their intersection is transverse and for each \(P\), the intersection of \(T\) with \(P\) consists of essential disks in \(P\), cylinders joining two different components of \(\partial P\), or pants joining the 3 components of \(\partial P\). The main result of the paper shows that if \(T\) is an essential torus in \(M\), then it is homotopic to a torus in normal form, and the homotopy process does not increase the number of curves of intersection with any sphere of \(\Sigma\). It is also shown that if \(T\) and \(T'\) are two homotopic normal tori, then they are normally homotopic, that is, there is a homotopy between them that does not increase the number of intersections with any sphere of \(\Sigma\). It follows that if \(T\) is in normal form with respect to \(\Sigma\), then the intersection number of \(T\) with any sphere \(S\) in \(\Sigma\) is minimal among the representatives of the homotopy class of \(T\) in each \(P\). These results generalize previous results of \textit{A. E. Hatcher} [Comment. Math. Helv. 70, No. 1, 39--62 (1995; Zbl 0836.57003)] for normal forms of spheres. These results have potential applications in the study of Out(\(F_n\)), for it is known that there is a \(1-1\) correspondence between the homotopy classes of essential imbedded tori in \(M\) and the equivalence classes of \(\mathbb{Z}\)-splittings of \(F_n\), namely, if the torus is separating it corresponds to an amalgamated free product, and if the torus is non-separating it corresponds to an HNN extension of \(F_n\) [\textit{M. Clay, F. Gültepe} and \textit{K. Rafi}, ``Essential tori and the Dehn twists of the free group'', in preparation]. / rank | |||
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Property / reviewed by | |||
Property / reviewed by: Mario Eudave-Muñoz / rank | |||
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Property / Mathematics Subject Classification ID | |||
Property / Mathematics Subject Classification ID: 57N10 / rank | |||
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Property / Mathematics Subject Classification ID | |||
Property / Mathematics Subject Classification ID: 20F28 / rank | |||
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Property / Mathematics Subject Classification ID | |||
Property / Mathematics Subject Classification ID: 20E36 / rank | |||
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Property / Mathematics Subject Classification ID | |||
Property / Mathematics Subject Classification ID: 57M07 / rank | |||
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Property / zbMATH DE Number | |||
Property / zbMATH DE Number: 6243702 / rank | |||
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Property / zbMATH Keywords | |||
intersection of surfaces | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: intersection of surfaces / rank | |||
Normal rank | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords | |||
normal form of tori | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: normal form of tori / rank | |||
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Property / zbMATH Keywords | |||
outer automorphisms of free group | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: outer automorphisms of free group / rank | |||
Normal rank | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords | |||
splittings of free group | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: splittings of free group / rank | |||
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Property / MaRDI profile type | |||
Property / MaRDI profile type: MaRDI publication profile / rank | |||
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Property / OpenAlex ID | |||
Property / OpenAlex ID: W2325665282 / rank | |||
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Property / arXiv ID | |||
Property / arXiv ID: 1112.3693 / rank | |||
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Property / cites work | |||
Property / cites work: Automorphisms of the graph of free splittings / rank | |||
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Property / cites work | |||
Property / cites work: Twisting out fully irreducible automorphisms. / rank | |||
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Property / cites work | |||
Property / cites work: Moduli of graphs and automorphisms of free groups / rank | |||
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Property / cites work: Embedded spheres in \(S^2 \times S^1\# \cdots \# S^2 \times S^1\) / rank | |||
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Property / cites work: Algebraic and geometric intersection numbers for free groups / rank | |||
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Property / cites work: Homological stability for automorphism groups of free groups / rank | |||
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Property / cites work: Q4831130 / rank | |||
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Property / cites work: Cerf Theory for Graphs / rank | |||
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Property / cites work: Homology stability for outer automorphism groups of free groups. / rank | |||
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Property / cites work: Q4045343 / rank | |||
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Property / cites work: Uniform uniform exponential growth of subgroups of the mapping class group / rank | |||
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Property / cites work: Q4028729 / rank | |||
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links / mardi / name | links / mardi / name | ||
Latest revision as of 04:33, 7 July 2024
scientific article
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English | Normal tori in \(\sharp_n(S^2\times S^1)\) |
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Normal tori in \(\sharp_n(S^2\times S^1)\) (English)
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9 January 2014
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Let \(M=\sharp_n (S^2\times S^1)\), this is a compact orientable 3-manifold whose fundamental group is the free group \(F_n\). A 2-sphere in \(M\) is essential if it does not bound a 3-ball. Let \(\Sigma\) be a maximal sphere system for \(M\), that is, \(\Sigma\) is a collection of disjointly embedded essential spheres in \(M\) such that every complementary component \(P\) of \(\Sigma\) in \(M\) is a 3-punctured 3-sphere. Let \(T\) be a torus embedded in \(M\); it is essential if the image of \(\pi_1(T)\) in \(\pi_1(M)\) is nontrivial. It is said that \(T\) is in normal form with respect to \(\Sigma\), if their intersection is transverse and for each \(P\), the intersection of \(T\) with \(P\) consists of essential disks in \(P\), cylinders joining two different components of \(\partial P\), or pants joining the 3 components of \(\partial P\). The main result of the paper shows that if \(T\) is an essential torus in \(M\), then it is homotopic to a torus in normal form, and the homotopy process does not increase the number of curves of intersection with any sphere of \(\Sigma\). It is also shown that if \(T\) and \(T'\) are two homotopic normal tori, then they are normally homotopic, that is, there is a homotopy between them that does not increase the number of intersections with any sphere of \(\Sigma\). It follows that if \(T\) is in normal form with respect to \(\Sigma\), then the intersection number of \(T\) with any sphere \(S\) in \(\Sigma\) is minimal among the representatives of the homotopy class of \(T\) in each \(P\). These results generalize previous results of \textit{A. E. Hatcher} [Comment. Math. Helv. 70, No. 1, 39--62 (1995; Zbl 0836.57003)] for normal forms of spheres. These results have potential applications in the study of Out(\(F_n\)), for it is known that there is a \(1-1\) correspondence between the homotopy classes of essential imbedded tori in \(M\) and the equivalence classes of \(\mathbb{Z}\)-splittings of \(F_n\), namely, if the torus is separating it corresponds to an amalgamated free product, and if the torus is non-separating it corresponds to an HNN extension of \(F_n\) [\textit{M. Clay, F. Gültepe} and \textit{K. Rafi}, ``Essential tori and the Dehn twists of the free group'', in preparation].
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intersection of surfaces
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normal form of tori
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outer automorphisms of free group
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splittings of free group
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