On two properties of normality type (Q2436378): Difference between revisions

A subset \(E\) of a topological space is said to be a regular \(G_{\delta}\) set if it is the intersection of the closures of countably many open sets, each of which contains \(E\). A space is \(\delta \)-normal if every pair of disjoint closed sets, one of which is a regular \(G_{\delta}\) set, can be separated by disjoint open sets. According to \textit{J. Mack} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 148, 265--272 (1970; Zbl 0209.26904)], \(\delta\)-normality is simultaneously a generalization of normality and countable paracompactness. For a space \(X\), the set \(CL(X)\) of all nonempty closed sets of \(X\) equipped with the Vietoris topology is called the hyperspace of \(X\). In 1955, \textit{V. M. Ivanova} [Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 101, 601--603 (1955; Zbl 0064.16805)] proved that \(CL(\omega)\) is not a normal space. In 2007, \textit{N. Kemoto} [Topology Appl. 154, No. 2, 358--363 (2007; Zbl 1116.54006); erratum ibid. 157, No. 15, 2446--2447 (2010)] proved that \(CL(\omega)\) is also not a countable paracompact space. In this paper, the author has sharpened the two previous results into ``The hyperspace \(CL(\omega)\) is not \(\delta \)-normal''. For a given topological property \(\mathcal{P} \), a space \(X\) is said to have the property \(\mathcal{P}\) outside the diagonal if the space \((X\times X) \setminus \Delta\) (where \(\Delta \{(x, x) : x\in X\}\) is the diagonal of the product space \( X\times X\)), also has property \(\mathcal{P}\). According to [\textit{A. V. Arkhangel'skij} and \textit{A. P. Kombarov}, Topology Appl. 35, No. 2--3, 121--126 (1990; Zbl 0707.54018)], a compact space that is normal outside the diagonal satisfies the first axiom of countability. In the present paper, the author shows that the condition of normality outside the diagonal cannot be weakened to the condition of \(\delta\)-normal outside the diagonal. More precisely, the remainder of the Stone-Čech compactification of the space of integers, \(\omega^\ast\), is \(\delta\)-normal outside the diagonal; however it does not satisfy the first axiom of countability at any point. Two other results are provided by the author. Result 1: Any countably compact space which is regular and \(F_{\sigma}-\delta\)-normal outside the diagonal, satisfies the first axiom of countability at points of some everywhere dense set. Result 2: If \(X\) is a regular quasi-\(\kappa\)-space that is \(F_{\sigma}-\delta\)-normal outside the diagonal, then, in the space \(X\), the set of points of countable pseudocharacter is everywhere dense. Some open questions are also stated. All the proofs of the paper are clear and elegant.