Parabolic type equations and Markov stochastic processes on adeles (Q485175): Difference between revisions

During the last twenty years there has been an increasing interest on stochastic models on \(p\)-adics and adeles, because these models are convenient in describing phenomena whose space of states displays a hierarchical structure. In particular, it has motivated the study of pseudodifferential equations on adeles. This paper is an interesting contribution in the area. The authors work with complex-valued function on adeles, as they deal with real-valued probabilities. The most important and well-known results on \(p\)-adic and adelic analysis are presented in Section 2. For the sake of simplicity, all the results of the paper are given for adeles on the field \(\mathbb{Q}\) of rational numbers. However, all of them are still valid if \(\mathbb{Q}\) is replaced by a global field or by the function field of an algebraic curve over a finite field. For each prime number \(p\), let \(\mathbb{Q}_p\) be the field of \(p\)-adic numbers with its non-archimedean \(p\)-adic valuation and let \(\mathbb{Q}_{\infty}:= \mathbb{R}\) be the field of real numbers with the Euclidean absolute value. We denote by \(\mathbb{Z}_p\) the closed unit ball of either \(\mathbb{Q}_p\) (when \(p\) is a primer number) or \(\mathbb{R}\) (when ``\(p = \infty\)''). The ring of adeles over \(\mathbb{Q}\) is \(A := \{ (x_{\infty}, x_2, x_3, \ldots): x_p \in \mathbb{Q}_p\) and \(x_p \in \mathbb{Z}_p\) for all but finitely many \(p \}\). The ring of finite adeles is \(A_{f}:= \{ ( x_2, x_3, \ldots): x_p \in \mathbb{Q}_p\) and \(x_p \in \mathbb{Z}_p\) for all but finitely many \(p \}.\) After describing the restricted product topology on adeles, the authors show in Section 3 that for \(A_{f}\) this topology is defined by a non-archimedean metric \(\rho\), formulated in terms of the \(p\)-adic valuations. In this metric each ball is a compact set. Then, the Fourier transform \(\hat{g}\) of a radial function \(g\) defined on \(A_{f}\) is computed, showing that \(\hat{g}\) is again a radial function. Hence, it seems that \(\rho\) is a natural metric for \(A_{f}\). Since the ring \(A\) of adeles is given by \(A= \mathbb{R} \times A_{f}\), the restricted product topology on \(A\) is naturally defined by a metric, which is studied in Section 4, where adelic analogues of the Taibleson operators and of the Lizokin spaces of the second kind are also treated. By using the inverse Fourier transform, the authors introduce in Sections 5 and 8 the heat kernel on \(A_{f}\) and \(A\), respectively. Among other things, they give a representation of the heat kernel on \(A_{f}\) as a series involving Chebyshev type functions (Section 5) and show that these adelic heat kernels on \(A_{f}\) and on \(A\) are the transition functions of Markov processes (Sections 6 and 9, respectively). Finally, the results given in the paper are applied to study in Sections 7 and 10 some (well-posed) Cauchy problems for parabolic type equations on \(A_{f}\) and \(A\), respectively. Explicit formulas for the solutions of homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations are provided. As the authors say at the end of the introduction of the paper, we are still at the beginning of the development of a complete theory about pseudodifferential equations and stochastic processes on adeles, which is closely related to non-archimedean analysis. Let me encourage the authors to continue working on it, even with \(p\)-adic valued probabilities.