A class of Furstenberg families and their applications to chaotic dynamics (Q2254828): Difference between revisions

Let \((X,d)\) be a complete metric space and \(f: X\to X\) a continuous map of \(X\) into itself. A pair \((x,y)\) of points \(x,y\in X\) is said to be scrambled if \[ \liminf_{n\to\infty} \{d(f^n(x), f^n(y)): n\in\mathbb{Z}_+\}= 0\text{ and }\limsup_{n\to\infty} \{d(f^n(x), f^n(y)): n\in\mathbb{Z}_+\}> 0. \] Using this notion Li and Yorke called the system \((X,f)\) chaotic if \(X\) contains an uncountable subset in which every pair of points is scrambled. This definition of chaos is refined using Furstenberg families, which are subsets of \(P(\mathbb{Z}_+)\) satisfying the following conditions: If \({\mathcal F}\) is such a family, \(A\in{\mathcal F}\) and \(B\subset\mathbb{Z}_+\), then \(A\subset B\) implies \(B\in{\mathcal F}\). \({\mathcal F}\) is a nonempty proper subset of \(P(\mathbb{Z}_+)\). An important example of such a family is the family \(\mathcal B\) consisting of all infinite subsets of \(\mathbb{Z}_+\). A point \(x\in X\) is called an \({\mathcal F}\)-attaching point of \(A\subset X\) if \(\{n: x\in\overline f^n(A)\}\in{\mathcal F}\). It is called \({\mathcal F}\)-adherent of \(A\) if it is an attaching point of \([A]_\vartheta\) for every \(\vartheta >0\), where \([A]_\vartheta= \{y: d(y,A)<\vartheta\}\). Application of these definitions to \(X\setminus\overline{[A]}_\vartheta\) yields the definition of \(x\) being an \({\mathcal F}\)-escape point of \(A\). The point \(x\) is called \({\mathcal F}\)-reciprocating of \(A\) if it is both \({\mathcal F}\)-adherent and an \({\mathcal F}\)-escape point of \(A\). A pair of points of \(X\), \((x,y)\), is said to be scrambled, if regarded as a point in the product system \((X\times X,f\times f)\) \((x,y)\) is an \({\mathcal F}\)-reciprocating point of the diagonal \(\Delta_X\). The system \((X,f)\) is called \({\mathcal F}\)-chaotic if it contains an uncountable subset such that every pair of points in it is \({\mathcal F}\)-scrambled. There is a simple relation between the \({\mathcal F}\)-chaos and the Li-Yorke chaos. The system \((X,f)\) is Li-Yorke chaotic if and only if it is \({\mathcal B}\)-chaotic. This paper considers \(\mathcal D_\Phi\)-chaos for a particular class of Furstenberg families \(\mathcal D_\Phi\). Some classical results on distributional chaos are improved. The authors construct related examples of dynamical systems, which are \(\mathcal D_\lambda\)-chaotic, but not \(\mathcal D_{\lambda'}\)-chaotic for each \(\lambda, \lambda'\in [0,1]\) with \(\lambda < \lambda'\).