Global diffusion on a tight three-sphere (Q904873): Difference between revisions

A global diffusion of a system in \(\mathbb R^4(p_1,p_2,q_1,q_2)\times \mathbb R^2(p_3,q_3)\) with a Hamiltonian of the form \[ H_\epsilon(p,q)=H_{00}(p_1,p_2,q_1,q_2)+H_{01}(p_3,q_3)+\epsilon H_1(p,q) \] is studied. Here \(H_{00}\) is a Hamiltonian of a completely integrable system in \(\mathbb R^4\) with \(\mathbf 0_4\) being a nondegenerate minimum of \(H_{00}\) (i.e., \(H_{00}(\mathbf 0_{4})=0\)) and \(H_1(p_3,q_3)\) defines a pendulum-type system in \(\mathbb R^2\) (i.e., \(\mathbf 0_2\) is a nondegenerate saddle point of \(H_1\), \(H_1(\mathbf 0_2)=0\), and the stable and unstable manifolds coincide). Under some additional assumptions, the isoenergetic level sets \(\Lambda_{0,c}=H_{00}^{-1}(c)\subset \mathbb R^4\), for small \(c\), are contact 3-spheres that are star-shaped relative to the origin. Thus, the Hamiltonian flow on \(\Lambda_{0,c}\) is equivalent to the Reeb flow on a tight three-sphere and there exists a disk-like global surface of section \(D_{0,c}\) for the Hamiltonian flow restricted to \(\Lambda_{0,c}\) (the boundary of \(D_{0,c}\) is a periodic orbit and all other trajectories intersect it forward and backward in time). It is clear that \(\Lambda_{0,c}\) can be considered as an invariant manifold of the non-perturbed Hamiltonian flow in \(\mathbb R^6\) and the stable and unstable invariant manifolds of each of the three-spheres coincide. It is proved that for a small perturbation \(\epsilon H_1\) there exists a hyperbolic invariant 3-sphere \(\Lambda_{\epsilon,c}\subset H^{-1}_\epsilon(c)\) and the stable and unstable invariant manifolds of \(\Lambda_{\epsilon,c}\) intersect transversally along homoclinic manifolds. Further, there exists a family of disk-like global surfaces of sections \(D_{\epsilon,c}\) for the Hamiltonian flow of \(H_\epsilon\) restricted to \(\Lambda_{\epsilon,c}\), which depends smoothly on \(c\) and \(\epsilon\). The return map of \(D_{\epsilon,c}\) is a twist map and is conjugate to an area-preserving map. The main result describes the existence of global diffusion relative to \(\Lambda_{\epsilon,c}\) in the following sense. Take a global section \(D_{\epsilon,c}\) and inside it choose a collection of invariant subsets \(\{R_1,R_2,\dots ,R_n\}\) so that each \(R_i\) is either a KAM invariant circle or an Aubry-Mather set. Under certain additional assumptions, given a positive real \(\delta > 0\), there exists a trajectory \(x(t)\) of the Hamiltonian flow and a sequence of times \(t_1 < t_2 < \dots < t_n\) such that the distance of \(x(t_i)\) to \(R_i\) is less then \(\delta\), for \(i=1,\dots,n\).