Exotic cluster structures on \(SL_{n}\) with Belavin-Drinfeld data of minimal size. II. Correspondence between cluster structures and Belavin-Drinfeld triples (Q522342): Difference between revisions

Editorial remark: This is mostly a joint review of [Isr. J. Math. 218, 391--443 (2017; Zbl 1367.13017); ibid. 218, 445--487 (2017; Zbl 1367.13018)]. Cluster algebras were introduced by \textit{S. Fomin} and \textit{A. Zelevinsky} [J. Am. Math. Soc. 15, No. 2, 497--529 (2002; Zbl 1021.16017)]; they are commutative algebras carrying a set of distinguished generators (the \textit{cluster variables}) grouped into overlapping subsets (the \textit{clusters}) of constant cardinality (the \textit{rank}) which are constructed recursively via \textit{mutation} from an \textit{initial cluster}. Cluster algebras have become central objects in contemporary mathematics thanks of their deep links with other interesting branches as integrable systems, higher Teichmüller spaces, combinatorics, discrete dynamical systems, commutative and noncommutative algebraic geometry, mathematical physics, representation theory of quivers and finite-dimensional algebras or Poisson geometry. The article under review may be framed into a program initiated by M. Gekhtman, M. Shapiro, and A. Vainshtein to explore the connection (in both directions) of cluster and Poisson algebras. A central problem of the area consists of identifying cluster structures in algebras of regular functions on various algebraic varieties of interest arising in some of the fields listed above; then features of cluster algebras may be applied to study geometric properties of the underlying varieties. It is worthwhile to note that these works have pointed out that, given an algebraic variety, there exists a unique natural cluster structure associated with it. Partial answers were given for Grassmannians and double Bruhat cells [\textit{A. Berenstein} et al., Duke Math. J. 126, No. 1, 1--52 (2005; Zbl 1135.16013)]. The article [\textit{M. Gekhtman} et al., Mosc. Math. J. 12, No. 2, 293--312 (2012; Zbl 1259.53075)] studied multiple cluster structures in the rings of regular functions on simple Lie groups \(\mathcal{G}\), focusing on compatible Poisson structures on the Lie groups; in other words on compatible Poisson-Lie structures. Recall that a Poisson bracket \(\{-,-\}\) on \(\mathcal{F}_{\mathbb{C}}=\mathbb{C}(x_1,\dots,x_{n+m})\) is \textit{compatible} with the cluster algebra \(\mathcal{A}\) if, for any extended cluster \(\widetilde{x}=(x_1,\dots,x_{n+m})\), we have \(\{x_i,x_j\}=\omega_{ij}x_ix_j\), where \(\omega_{ij}\in\mathbb{Z}\) are constants for all \(1\leq i,j\leq n+m\). In [\textit{M. Gekhtman} et al., Cluster algebras and Poisson geometry. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (2010; Zbl 1217.13001)], this construction was applied to double Bruhat cells in semisimple Lie groups equipped with the restriction of the standard Poisson-Lie structure, recovering the cluster structure built by A. Berenstein, S. Fomin, and A. Zelevinsky. The key point of their construction was that the standard Poisson-Lie structure is a particular case of Poisson-Lie structures corresponding to quasi-triangular Lie bialgebras. Such structures are associated with solutions to the classical Yang-Baxter equation (CYBE), called classical R-matrices, whose complete classification was obtained by Belavin and Drinfeld in terms of the so-called \textit{Belavin-Drinfeld triples}; they are pairs of isometric subsets of simple roots of the Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{g}\) of the simple Lie group \(\mathcal{G}\). The trivial case when these subsets are empty corresponds to the standard Poisson-Lie bracket on \(\mathcal{G}\), giving rise to the Berenshtein-Fomin-Zelevinsky cluster structure on double Bruhat cells. Furthermore, M. Gekhtman, M. Shapiro, and A. Vainshtein conjectured that any Belavin-Drinfeld pair gives rise to a compatible cluster structure on the Lie group, whose properties are similar to those of the Berenshtein-Fomin-Zelevinsky cluster structure. More precisely, as the author of the article under review writes: ``According to the conjecture [Conjecture 2.3], for a given BD class for \(\mathcal{G}\), there exists a cluster structure on \(\mathcal{G}\), with rank determined by the BD class for \(\mathcal{G}\). This cluster structure is compatible with the associated Poisson bracket. The conjecture also states that the structure is regular, and that the upper cluster algebra coincides with the ring of regular functions on \(\mathcal{G}\)''. This conjecture holds for the standard case and for the whole Belavin-Drinfeld classification in \(\text{SL}_n\) for \(n=2,3,4\) ( Cluster structures on simple complex Lie groups ). The Cremmer-Gervais was proved in [\textit{M. Gekhtman} et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111, No. 27, 9688--9695 (2014; Zbl 1355.17023)]. Finally, the author found that this conjecture is true for all possible BD classes for \(\text{SL}_5\). In the pair of articles [Isr. J. Math. 218, 391--443 (2017; Zbl 1367.13017); ibid. 218, 445--487 (2017; Zbl 1367.13018)], the author proves the conjecture for \(\text{SL}_n\) when the BD data is of minimal size (i.e. the two subsets contain only one simple root). Note that a Poisson-Lie bracket on \(\text{SL}_n\) can be extended to a one on \(\text{GL}_n\), with the determinant being a Casimir function. Then the author discusses \(\text{GL}_n\), and note that any statement can be restricted to \(\text{SL}_n\) by dropping the determinant function. In this second part, the author proves parts (2)--(6) of Conjecture 2.6 (for \(\text{SL}_n\) when the BD data is of minimal size).