Digital Lefschetz numbers and related fixed point theorems (Q2081225): Difference between revisions

Motivated by the \(4\)-contractibility of \(SC_4^{2,4}\), we may consider the so-called strong \(k\)-homotopy in a digital setting, where \(SC_4^{2,4}\) means a simple closed \(4\)-curve with \(4\) elements in \(\mathbb{Z}^2\). Indeed, based on the literature, several types of homologies from the viewpoint of digital topology such as digital homology, cubical homology, simplicial homology have been established. Furthermore, several types of Lefschetz numbers and homotopy invariants related to the corresponding homologies were also developed. Based on the earlier work, the present paper studies some digital Lefschetz numbers and related fixed point theorems based on strong \(k\)-homotopy. Since the notions of digital continuity [\textit{S.-E. Han}, Inf. Sci. 171, No. 1--3, 73--91 (2006; Zbl 1074.68075)] and homotopy equivalence play an important role in the present paper, the reviewer would like to give some comments on these two notions (see Definition 2.2 and 2.9 in the present paper). Definition 2.2 can be represented more efficiently as follows: Given a digital image \((X, k)\) in \(\mathbb{Z}^n\), we can consider the digital \(k\)-neighborhood of an element \(x \in X\) with length \(1\) denoted by \(N_k(x, 1)=\{x^\prime \in X\mid x^\prime \text{ is }k\text{-adjacent to } x\} \cup \{x\}\). Using this digital \(k\)-neighborhood, since every point \(x\) of a digital image \((X, k)\) in \(\mathbb{Z}^n\) always has an \(N_k(x, 1) \subset X\), the digital continuities of [\textit{A. Rosenfeld}, Pattern Recognit. Lett. 4, 177--184 (1986; Zbl 0633.68122)] can be represented as the following Proposition which will be effectively used in digital topology, digital covering theory, fixed point theory, digital surface and curve theory, and so on. Proposition: Let \((X, k_0)\) and \((Y, k_1)\) be digital images in \(\mathbb{Z}^{n_0}\) and \(\mathbb{Z}^{n_1}\), respectively. A function \(f: X \to Y\) is \((k_0, k_1)\)-continuous if and only if for every point \(x\in X\), \(f(N_{k_0}(x,1))\subset N_{k_1}(f(x),1)\). Note that the notion of digital homotopy equivalence that the authors use without citation (see Definition 2.9) was already introduced by another author in 2003 and 2007. For details, see the history of the notion in the paper [\textit{S.-E. Han}, Honam Math. J. 29, No. 1, 101--118 (2007; Zbl 1198.68281), Definitions 8 and 9, p. 109].