Fixed point theorems in locally convex spaces -- the Schauder mapping method (Q2491507): Difference between revisions

Let \(B^n\) be the unit ball of the Euclidean space \(\mathbb{R}^n\). Brouwer's fixed point theorem asserts that any continuous mapping \(f: B^n\to B^n\) has a fixed point. Schauder extended this result and showed that if \(K\) is a compact convex subset of an arbitrary normed space then any continuous mapping \(f: K\to K\) has a fixed point. Using Schauder mapping, the proof of Schauder's theorem can be reduced to Brouwer's fixed point theorem. A further extension of this theorem was given by Tychonoff, who proved its validity when \(K\) is a compact convex subset of a Hausdorff locally convex space. The extension of the Schauder mapping method to the locally convex case was given by Singbal who used it to prove Schauder-Tychonoff theorems [see \textit{F.~F.\ Bonsall}, ``Lectures on some fixed point theorems of functional analysis'' (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay) (1962; MR0198173)]. Kakutani proved an extension of Brouwer's fixed point theorem to upper semicontinuous set-valued mapping defined on compact convex subset of \(\mathbb{R}^n\) (which can be extended to Banach spaces and also to locally convex spaces). \textit{H.~Nikaido} [``Convex structures and economic theory'' (Academic Press, New York--London) (1968; Zbl 0172.44502)] gave a new proof of Kakutani's theorem (in the case \(\mathbb{R}^n\)) based on the the method of Schauder mapping. This proof can ce extended to Banach spaces [see \textit{L.~V.\ Kantorovich} and \textit{G.~P.\ Akilov}, ``Functional analysis'' (Функционал'ныј анализ) (3rd rev.\ ed., Наука, Москва, Главная Редакция Физико-Математическој Литературы (1984; Zbl 0555.46001)]. The aim of this paper is to show that Schauder mapping method can be adapted to yield a proof of the Kakutani fixed point theorem in the locally convex case. The author also includes the proof of the Schauder--Tychonoff theorem based on this method. In Section 3 of this paper, the author gives some applications of Kakutani's fixed point theorem to game theory and to proving a theorem of J.~von Neumann.