Central isotopes of \((-1,1) \)-algebras (Q820468): Difference between revisions

\textit{A. A. Albert} [Ann. Math. (2) 43, 685--707 (1942; Zbl 0061.04807)] introduced and started the study of the isotopes, and he paid special attention to the completely unital case (the initial algebra and its isotopes are unital). In particular, he proved the isomorphism of associative algebra and its isotope under the above assumptions. There are many results about isotopes and homotopes of associative, alternative, and other non-associative algebras. For example, in [Usp. Mat. Nauk 7, No. 1(47), 181--185 (1952; Zbl 0048.26001)] \textit{A. I. Mal'tsev} proved that each (non-associative) algebra is embedded into an isotope of an associative algebra. The present paper is dedicated to a study of \(c\)-isotopes of \((-1,1)\)-algebras. Let us give the principal definitions of the paper. \textbf{Definition.} Let \(\phi, \psi: A \to A\) be some invertible linear operators. Define the algebra \(A^* = (A; +,*)\) on the same vector space \(A\) with respect to the new product \(x^\phi \cdot y^\psi = x*y.\) The algebra \(A^*\) is the principal isotope of \(A.\) The isotope \(A^{(c)}\) is a \(c\)-isotope if \(\phi= R_c\) and \( \psi = id.\) \textbf{Definition.} An algebra \(A\) over a field of characteristic \(\neq 2, 3\) is a \((-1, 1)\)-algebra if it satisfies \begin{center} \((x, y, y) =0, \ (x, y, z)+(y, z, x)+(z, x, y)=0.\) \end{center} An \((-1,1)\)-algebra is strictly if it satisfies \([[x, y], z]=0.\) The principal result of Section 2 is the following theorem. \textbf{Theorem 1.} Let \(A\) be a prime strictly \((-1, 1)\)-algebra with a unity \(1\). An isotope \(A^{(c)}\) is a \((-1, 1)\)-algebra if and only if \(c\) is central; i.e., \(c \in K(A),\) where \begin{center} \( K(A) = \{k \in A \ | \ [k, A]=0\}.\) \end{center} In Section 3, the author discusses the following analogs of Albert's Theorem for the central isotopes: \textbf{Isomorphism Problem:} Let \(A\) be a strictly \((-1, 1)\)-algebra, and \(k \in K(A) \cap Nil(A).\) Is it true that the isotope \(A^{(1+k)}\) and \(A\) are isomorphic? \textbf{Weak Isomorphism Problem:} Is it true that \((-1, 1)\)-algebras \(A\) and \(A^{(1+k)}\) with \(k \in K(A) \cap Nil(A)\) possess the same ideal of identities? In this section, the author gave a solution to these problems for the \((-1, 1)\)-monster over a field of characteristic 0. Namely, he proved the following results. \textbf{Theorem 2.} Let \(S = S[X]\) be the unital \((-1, 1)\)-monster over the set \(X = \{x_1, x_2, \ldots \},\) and let \(c\) be a central invertible element in \(S\). Then the algebras \(S^{(c)}\) and \(S\) possess the same identities. \textbf{Theorem 4.} Let \(S = S[X]\) be the unital \((-1, 1)\)-monster, and let \(c\) be an invertible element in \(S\). Then the following are equivalent: (a) \(S^{(c)}\) and \(S\) are isomorphic; (b) \(S^{(c)}\) satisfies \([[x, y], z]=0.\); (c) \(c\) is central in \(S\). To understand better the last results, we will provide the definition of the \((-1,1)\)-monster. Following [\textit{S. V. Pchelintsev}, Math. USSR, Izv. 28, 79--98 (1987; Zbl 0615.17011)], denote the auxiliary algebra by \(A_0\), which is given in the variety of strictly \((-1, 1)\)-algebras over a field \(F\) of characteristic \(0\) by the generators \(1, z, e_1, e_2, \ldots ,e_n, \ldots\) and the defining relations \(e_ie_j = 0, \ ((z, e_i, e_j ), e_p, e_q)=0, \ [z, f(z, e_i, \ldots ,e_j )] = 0\) for every polynomial \(f(z, e_i, \ldots ,e_j ).\) \textbf{Definition.} A free unital algebra \(S[X]\) of countable rank in the variety \(var(A_0),\) which is generated by \(A_0\), is a unital \((-1, 1)\)-monster. It is known that the unital monster \(S[X]\) is a prime non-associative \((-1, 1)\)-algebra [S. V. Pchelintsev (loc. cit.)].